ECONOMIA DOS TRANSPORTES

he Psychology of Transport Behaviour February 3rd 2012 Presented by the Institute for Sensible Transport, this seminar will take place on Thursday 19 April 2012 at the Melbourne Town Hall, Yarra Room. 9.30 am - 4.30 pm Cost: $395.00 Tom Vanderbilt is a Visiting Scholar at New York University's Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management. Tom Vanderbilt writes on design, technology, science, and culture, among other subjects, for many publications, including Wired, Outside, The London Review of Books, The Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times Magazine, and Popular Science. Seminar Topics by Tom Vanderbilt *  From 'Forgiving Roads' to 'Complete Streets": Changing the Road Safety Paradigm *  The Windshield View: Understanding How Drivers See the World Around Them *  'Modal Bias' - Relations Between Different Road Users *  Behavioural Economics & What It Means for Transport *  The Future of Driving: Smaller, Shared, & Semi-Autonomous *  Travel Behaviour Change and Travel Demand Management And featuring; *  The Psychology of Public Transport - from the planners and passengers perspective (Professor Graham Currie) *  Understanding Melbourne transport patterns: Perceptions and reality (Chris Loader) Visit the website for more information. Registration closes 20 February 2012.

Institute for Sensible Transport,Institute for Sensible Transport, The Institute for Sensible Transport formed part of an international consortium that recently completed an economic assessment of the benefits of active transport. Commissioned by the Queensland Government, the report is amongst the most comprehensive evaluations of the health, transport and environmental impacts of walking and cycling. This is the first of two reports commissioned to gain a better understanding of how to integrate benefit cost analysis into walking and cycling programs.

A charrette is a method of organizing thoughts from experts and the users into a structured medium that is unrestricted and conducive to the creativity and the development of myriad scenarios. The word charrette may refer to any collaborative session in which a group of designers drafts a solution to a design problem. While the structure of a charrette varies, depending on the design problem and the individuals in the group, charrettes often take place in multiple sessions in which the group divides into sub-groups. Each sub-group then presents its work to the full group as material for future dialogue. Such charrettes serve as a way of quickly generating a design solution while integrating the aptitudes and interests of a diverse group of people. Compare this term with workshop.

Welcome to Your New Wiki Whether this is your first wiki ever or just your first wiki of the day, we're happy to have you on board. This wiki is basically your own personal Web site with an edit button. You get to choose who can see it, and who can make changes, and you can use it to do almost anything you can imagine. We put this document together to get you started and give you a glimpse of what you can do as the organizer of this wiki. What it means to be a wiki organizer Wiki organizers handle the administration of the wiki. As an organizer of this wiki, you have some special powers that other members won't have. These are just a few: Setting permissions for the whole wiki Managing wiki members Changing the look and feel Locking pages so no one can edit them Deleting or renaming files and pages And whenever you decide you want a little more help with your wiki, you can promote other members to organizers, as well. Special wikis for educators We offer a free upgrade for wikis that are used exclusively for K-12 or Higher Education. These wikis are free and ad-free, and you can make them private for extra security for your students. These wikis also come with a User Creator tool that lets you open student accounts in bulk - with or without student email addresses. If you're not sure whether you started this wiki on a free plan for educators, go to Manage Wiki. After Subscription, you should see, "This wiki is currently on our free K-12 plan," or "This wiki is currently on our free Higher Education plan." If it does not say this, go to Manage Wiki > Subscription, scroll down to the "Complimentary upgrades for educators" heading, and click Request your free K-12 plan wiki, or Request your free Higher Education wiki. Any time you want to create a new K-12 wiki, go to this page. If you want to create a new Higher Education wiki, you can go to this page. Getting Started with Your Wiki Editing the home page When you're ready to get s

Resilience and brittleness in the offshore helicopter transportation system: The identification of constraints and sacrifice decisions in pilots' work Jose O. Gomesa, David D. Woodsb, Paulo V.R. Carvalhoc, , , Gilbert J. Hubera, Marcos R.S. Borgesa a Graduate Program in Informatics-NCE&IM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil b Ohio State University, Ohio, USA c National Nuclear Energy Commission/Nuclear Engineering Institute, Cidade Universitária-Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21945-970, Brazil Received 17 September 2007. Revised 14 March 2008. Accepted 23 March 2008. Available online 8 April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2008.03.026, How to Cite or Link Using DOI Cited by in Scopus (6) Permissions & Reprints View full text Purchase Abstract Offshore transportation using helicopters is a complex socio-technical system. The resilience of this system is an emergent property related to performance variability in many nested levels, e.g. pilot activities, maintenance, management systems, helicopter design and so forth. This paper examines production/safety tradeoffs in pilots' work in the helicopter transportation system for the Campos Basin oil fields in Brazil to understand the resilience and brittleness of this system. The study team carried out and analyzed 63 h of interviews with pilots, co-pilots, managers and human resources personnel of some of the main helicopter-operating companies. About 80% of the oil extracted in Brazil comes from this Basin, a 3 h drive north of Rio de Janeiro city. The oil company hires nine helicopter-operating companies to transport about 40,000 people who work on ships and platforms every month. The main goal of this project is to discover how the transport system is resilient and brittle, given the workload demands and economic pressures. The analysis uncovered goal conflicts that arise at the boundaries of the organizations and how people in diff

The Automotive Industry In An Era Of Eco-Austerity Creating an Industry as if the Planet Mattered Peter E. Wells, Cardiff University, UK 'A splendid analysis of how an automotive industry based on mass production has become an alien in our time - where diversity and personalised products and services have become the norm. Peter Wells presents an intriguing analysis of how the automotive industry can find ways forward and re-invent itself. A must read for all interested in sustainable mobility, as well as strategists in the automotive industry.' - Arnold Tukker, TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, The Netherlands 'The Automotive Industry in an Era of Eco-Austerity examines how we can achieve sustainable personal mobility, using a wide range of ideas and concepts. As the author stresses, this is not about the search for the best single technology for developing a sustainable car - it is much wider than that. Rather this book is about the fact that fundamental change is needed. Anyone interested in the auto industry should read it - much recommended.' - David Bailey, Coventry University, UK 'What the global automotive industry needs right now is ideas and this book is packed with them. Dr Wells is a master of turning a topic on its head in order to approach it from an angle that is both unique and enlightening. This book should be required reading for decision makers within the automakers, suppliers and governments, whose job it will be to shape the auto industry of tomorrow.' - Gareth Owen Davies, AutomotiveWorld.com The Automotive Industry in an Era of Eco-Austerity analyses the future prospects of the largest manufacturing sector in the world, the automotive industry, at a time of unprecedented global financial crisis and unrelenting environmental pressure.  This unique book seeks to combine economic analysis with the environmental research to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the forces that shape change in

Cycling Data The collection of data on the number of bicycles per household, number of bicycle journeys and the nature of those journeys helps to inform transport policy and practice. Filter by : All |  Case Studies | Cycling Advocacy | Effective Marketing | International | Resources | Videos | United Kingdom | Australia | Victoria | New South Wales | Queensland | New Zealand | South Australia | Bike Commuting | Bike Share Schemes | Europe | North America | State and Territory Government | Tasmania | Sustainable Urban Transport Plans | Cost Benefit Analysis | Research paper | Austroads | Australian Capital Territory | Local Government | Northern Territory | National Government | Western Australia | United States of America | Canada | Australian Bicycle Council Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers (USA) 06th Feb 2012 Active Transportation Beyond Urban Centers was published by Rails-to-Trails Conservacy in January 2012. It shows that in large and small "rural cores" of 2,500 to 50,000 residents, the share of total trips made on foot or by bike is only 20 percent below the rate for larger urban cores. Furthermore, when it comes to work trips, rural areas fall right in line with the national rates of biking and walking to work. Read more Local Government Bicycle Account 2011 (Australia) 02nd Feb 2012 In January 2012 the Australian Bicycle Council released the results of Local Government and Cycling Survey undertaken in July 2011. Councils responding to the survey spent more than $72 million on bicycle-related programs in 2009-10. More than two thirds of responding councils either have a bicycle strategy or are working towards one. As at June 2010, councils responding to the survey reported having constructed 11,704km of cycling infrastructure. When their cycle networks are complete the infrastructure will measure 17,842km. Read more Weather or Not to Cycle: Temporal Trends and Impact of Weather on Cycling in an Urban Environment (Canada) 01st Feb 2012 Thi

Smarter Travel Workplaces is all about you having the power to make a real difference to the environment, your health and quality of life. Everyone needs to use the car sometimes but it can also become a bit of a habit - not to mention the stress of traffic and congestion at rush hours! There are some great alternatives to the car and all you need to do is give them a try for some journeys every week. It could be as simple as walking or cycling whenever you can, or choosing the bus, DART or Luas to work a couple of times a week. Check out your options for a better quality of life

Multiple Scales of Conflict Organizers: Jessica Flack There are two primary challenges faced by all complex, adaptive systems.  One is an uncertain and noisy environment. The other is conflict. Conflict arises when the interests of system components - whether genes, cells, individuals, or states - are not fully aligned. Some have gone so far as to argue that lack of alignment, or "frustration," in many body systems is the defining feature of complex systems. In the long 3.5 billion year history of life on earth organisms and aggregates have devised manifold strategies in order to survive and prosper in the face of conflict. The solutions that organisms have built for managing conflict are thought to have played a central role in facilitating the major transitions from simple aggregates to more integrated, social organisms, and cultures.  Although these transitions suggest nature has been successful at predicting and managing conflict, the problem is not a simple one. Controlling conflict is tricky because it is both a destabilizing force and an agent of innovation - thus nature has evolved mechanisms of good management, not suppression. Conflict can have multiple, nonlinear causes and effects, and these often lie at different timescales (e.g. evolutionary, ontogenetic, societal). Conflict can be the outcome of competitive processes and involve deception or be generated by differing priorities, communications failures, and error. Despite this complexity, data indicate that similar conflicts with comparable mechanisms of control have evolved at different levels of biological and social organization. This suggests that there might be a universal class of mechanisms that have arisen across very different levels to control co-evolutionary escalation. This focus area brings together evolutionary theorists, immunologists, experts on behavioral conflict in human and animal societies, computer scientists, molecular biologists, economists, and complex systems theo

Cycling and walking related initiatives From 2005 to 2008 the Cycling Demonstration Towns programme saw six towns across England receive European funding to deliver a range of measures designed to increase cycling levels. Sustrans Research and Monitoring Unit was responsible for the monitoring of the programme where a 27% average increase in cycling across all six towns was observed. Additional funding awarded in January 2008 allowed Cycling England to recruit England's first Cycling City and eleven new towns in addition to those already established, creating the Cycling City and Towns programme. Sustrans' Research and Monitoring Unit conduct monitoring in all eighteen locations. Finding New Solutions is a Cycling England initiative aiming to introduce cycling to different audiences through leisure, workplaces and train stations. Sustrans Research and Monitoring Unit is responsible for the overall evaluation of the programme, but is more directly involved with the Leisure and Workplaces strands. Through the Future Jobs Fund, Sustrans hired 182 long-term unemployed, young people on six-month contracts to upgrade and maintain parts of the National Cycle Network. The Research and Monitoring Unit was involved in evaluation of the project. The Research and Monitoring Unit holds a 'strategic partner' relationship with the EPSRC. As part of this activity a small number of projects and studentships are underway. The iConnect study aims to measure and evaluate the changes in travel, physical activity and carbon emissions related to Sustrans' Connect2 programme. The five-year iConnect study started in May 2008 and involves a broad evaluation of the whole programme coupled with detailed investigations at five specific sites. The Visions 2030 research project assesses the potential in the UK for achieving substantial increases in walking and cycling by 2030. Through innovative approaches to analysis, longer term targets can be reached and the step changes necessary to

EMERGENCE IN DECISION MAKING AND COGNITIVE SYSTEMS Organizers: David Krakauer SFI's focus area on Emergence in Decision Making and Cognitive Systems aims to explore a full range of cognitive phenomena, from the molecular basis of neural learning, through to distributed cognition among social agents. This focus area aims to bring together neuroscientists, psychologists, economists, computer scientists, game theorists and evolutionary biologists, all seeking to understand intelligent behavior in systems rich in representation and behavioral adaptability. Outstanding areas of research include: hierarchies of representation; control of distributed adaptive elements, the construction of unitary states of comprehension, and the function of multiple reward networks. 

Throughout Europe, we are witnessing massive transfers of resources from the public to the private sphere. The political responses to the crises are defined by austerity measures and by cuts to social spending, driving Europe further into recession. >From Greece to Spain, from London to Rome, European people are increasingly aware of the need for a different model of globalisation. From those resisting the privatisation of resources (for example in Italy with the water referendum, and currently in Romania) to the recent occupations of public spaces against neoliberalism (for example in the UK and Spain), this is the moment to construct and alternative Europe which is not a product of neoliberal politics, but the political expression of European citizens. Within this context, over forty organisations, networks and social movements from eight European countries will meet in the 600-seat Valle Theatre in Rome to organise a common front to construct an alternative European model. This three-day forum will focus on the construction of common transnational campaigns on the thematics of the commons and guaranteed minimum income as well as the battle against precarity, also utilising the new method provided with the European citizens? initiative. The event will be a true opportunity to build European networks and campaigns that will take concrete forms in follow-up meetings in Spain, the UK, Romania, Bulgaria and France in the following months to continue the work begun in Rome. The emphasis on concrete campaigns will be the starting point to engage in a reflection on the revision of the EU Treaties, to propose an alternative vision of Europe. The Rome forum is organised by European Alternatives, the International University College Turin, Teatro Valle, Centro Studi per l'Alternativa Comune, Municipality of Naples, ARCI, Il Manifesto, Basic Income Network, Tilt, Rete della Conoscenza, Cilap-eapn, Altramente, Osservatorio Europa, MFE. ---- FORUM PROGR

A recém promulgada lei da Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, aponta novas caminhos para equacionar o drama urbano da (i)mobilidade. As diretrizes da nova lei preveem integração entre "a política de desenvolvimento urbano e respectivas políticas setoriais de habitação, saneamento básico, planejamento e gestão do uso do solo" (art. 6, ítem I). O texto segue em linha gerais estabelecendo prioridade para o transporte público, dos meios de transporte "não-motorizados" e dando incentivos a melhorias em prol da sustentabilidade. Dentre as principais medidas da nova lei, fica assegurada a participação da sociedade civil no planejamento, fiscalização e avaliação da mobilidade urbana (art. 15) e o código de defesa do consumidor passa a valer para os usuários do transporte público (art. 14). Mas o mais importante é os municípios com até 20 mil habitantes terão prazo de 3 anos para elaborarem um Plano de Mobilidade, antes ele só era obrigatório para os 38 municipíos brasileiros com mais de 500 mil habitantens. Segundo análise do IPEA, (Nova lei moderniza regulação da mobilidade urbana) a primeira constatação é que a nova lei oficializa o que já estava definido na "Política Nacional da Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável", formulada pelo Ministério das Cidades em 2004. Ou seja, o que já estava redigido pelo Ministério passa a ter força de lei federal, mas na prática o caminho ainda é longo para que as medidas previstas sejam colocadas em prática. Além do texto um tanto quanto amplo demais, o principal deslize do novo plano é insistir na definição de modos de transporte ativos como "não motorizados". A questão é mais do que sintática, pedestres cadeirantes, ciclistas, skatistas, patinadores são definidos em função do meio de transporte principal nas cidades, os motorizados e isso ainda não mudou com a nova lei. O texto "Transporte Não Motorizado", alonga-se sobre a questão. Para quem quiser saber mais sobre a importân

Help from CfIT for local authority practitioners working on the 'integration' of town planning and transport planning. If you think it is difficult to plan for sustainable travel, then think again. Urban structure and mobility are inextricably linked. This website gives expert advice on planning for a more effective location and form of development that can help achieve sustainable travel. This website and related work seeks to: Provide evidence for a range of actors involved in town planning and transport planning. Disseminate good practice, with an emphasis on 'strategic' issues and good working practices, developing 'key themes' for practice advice. Develop case study examples of current working practice in integrated urban and transport planning, with a focus on areas with development growth aspirations (such as Growth Areas and Growth Points). Provide signposts to related guidance by government and others. Hence, help practitioners more effectively use spatial planning tools in enabling greater sustainability in travel. The Evidence The location of activities - homes, workplaces, leisure, health, education and other facilities - act as the physical 'structuring framework' for travel. Although socio-economic, attitudinal and contextual characteristics all play important roles in the demand for travel, it is increasingly clear from the empirical evidence that there are significant associations between the built environment and travel. Urban Structure as an Enabler of Sustainable Travel Spatial planning is typically a long term instrument; its effects manifest themselves over several decades. However, the cumulative effect of land use decisions over recent decades has had a profound effect on travel patterns, and has the potential to have an equally significant effect, positively or negatively, in the future. Target Audience This website aims to publicise the evidence from research and practice which has become available since the last update

    Contact/Feedback   ACR Office   ACR Board of Directors   ACR Advisory Board   Webmaster   Web Editor   Newsletter Editor Back E. Laird Landon, Jr., William B. Locander (1979), "FAMILY LIFE CYCLE AND LEISURE BEHAVIOR RESEARCH", in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 06, eds. William L. Wilkie, Ann Abor : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 133-138. Advances in Consumer Research Volume 6, 1979      Pages 133-138 FAMILY LIFE CYCLE AND LEISURE BEHAVIOR RESEARCH E. Laird Landon, Jr., University of Houston William B. Locander, University of Houston ABSTRACT - The present research investigates the usefulness of Family Life Cycle (FLC) in the study of leisure/recreation behavior. The survey results presented show that FLC groupings capture much of the variance in recreation behavior. Implications are drawn for both public and private sector decision-makers interested in leisure behavior. INTRODUCTION In recent years there has been a growing interest in recreation and leisure research by academics, executives, and public officials (Wells & Gubar, 1966; Omura and Talarzyk, 1975; Voss & Blackwell, 1975). Most of the research to date has focused on describing recreation behavior through large scale surveys. Many of the studies have been atheoretical in that they employ little behavioral theory in the research design. The present article examines the Family Life Cycle (FLC) concept as a useful tool in understanding leisure and recreation behavior. FLC appears to have much potential for explaining leisure behavior because it matches needs with groups of peoples. That is, FLC offers a construct that is both multidimensional and dynamic. Its multidimensional nature is attributed to the fact that FLC is a composite of several important demographic variables. FLC is dynamic because it accounts for the changing family needs and structure over time. If FLC does capture difference

cycle Maintenance Guide and Riding Tips - an online manual about bicycle maintenance and repairs, and tips for how to ride efficiently, covering the wheels, steering, the drive train, bicycle computers, clothes, riding, travel tips, what to do in an accident and more   (Rating: 7.06 Votes: 1683)   Rate this site: 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bicycle Street Smarts - an illustrated online tutorial on bicycle safety and safe bike riding on public streets and roads, covering such topics as starting and stopping, where to ride on the road, riding through intersections, getting across non-standard intersections, steer out of trouble, using your brakes, riding in groups, riding in rain and darkness, safety equipment, bicycle helmets, ways to deal with tough situations and more   (Rating: 6.97 Votes: 1529)   Rate this site: 5 6 7 8 9 10 Locking your Bicycle - a collection of illustrated guides about locking your bicycle, including "The art of locking your bike", "The science of locking your bike", "A study of what not to do", "A comparative analysis of locks" and more   (Rating: 7.06 Votes: 1559)   Rate this site: 5 6 7 8 9 10 REI: Expert Advice -- Cycling - a large collection of instructional articles and online clinics about cycling, including such articles as "Repairing a Flat Tire", "Basic Bicycle Maintenance", "Designing a Specific Route", "Pedaling Basics", "Riding in Traffic", "Avoiding Injury" and much more   (Rating: 7.06 Votes: 1612)   Rate this site: 5 6 7 8 9 10  Read Comments (2)

Maryland & Virginia Telework How can municipal and regional governments best promote telework? This case study highlights the telework program that originated in the Washington DC area in 1996, and the state-wide program that was subsequently established in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The later offers cost reimbursement (up to $35,000 per business), free personal assistance, and promotional "Telework Days." Both programs help overcome key policy and adoption barriers, and both have impressive impact data. Background This case study focuses on telework initiatives in the region of Washington, DC, which covers the District of Columbia and surrounding jurisdictions (counties and cities within Maryland and Virginia). In 2010, the region had about 2.8 million workers and the regional forecast is to add 1.2 million new jobs to the region by 2030. Such growth forecasts will impact the region's transportation infrastructure. Commuter Connections, a regional network of transportation organizations coordinated by the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (COG), started in 1974 to provide mobility solutions in the region. The network is administered through the Regional Metropolitan Planning Organization, part of the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board (TPB)   Setting Objectives The Commonwealth set a goal of having 20% of its eligible workforce [approximately 105,000 employees) teleworking by 2010. Getting Informed "Dating back to the late 1980s, the TPB conducted a series of reviews of telecommuting pilot programs, which were in operation in Los Angeles and in Arlington County, Virginia," explained Nicholas Ramfos, Commuter Connection's Alternative Commute Programs Director. "These programs were primarily started at the local government level with the idea that lessons learned could be shared with the rest of the businesses in those jurisdictions and beyond." The TPB also reviewed the federal government's Flexiplace progr

Resources for Practitioners Urban Quick Links ecoMOBILITY MOST UTSP Information Network Policy This section provides resources that support the implementation of green transportation initiatives. This information is targeted at transportation professionals and decision makers. Active Transportation in Canada: A resource and planning guide This guide is a resource tool for transportation planners and related professionals to accommodate, promote, and support active transportation in current and long-range planning and development. [ More... ] Bicycle End-of-Trip Facilities This guide is primarily addressed to municipal agencies responsible for promoting bicycle use and providing bicycle facilities. It will help municipalities and employers create appropriate and attractive bicycle parking and related facilities that will encourage bicycle use. The guide provides guidance on how to determine where, how much, and what type of bicycle parking and related facilities to provide, and how to best design them. [ More... ] Bike Sharing Guide This guide is intended to help planners and decision makers determine whether public bicycle sharing is viable in their community and, if so, how to design, implement, and operate a successful system. The material presented in this guide is drawn primarily from recent European experiences, with the information being assessed in terms of relevance to the Canadian context, where appropriate. [ More... ] Canadian Guidelines for the Measurement of Transportation Demand Management Initiatives User's Guide These guidelines will help organizations that are conducting TDM initiatives to measure the impacts of those initiatives and, over time, effectively evaluate progress toward established goals. The guidelines are applicable to a range of TDM initiatives and offer a step-by-step framework, providing the practitioner with the information from which to choose the impact measurement technique that suits the specific application, local cond

The Movement TIME names Collaborative Consumption as one of the "10 Ideas That Will Change The World". Collaborative Consumption describes the rapid explosion in traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping reinvented through network technologies on a scale and in ways never possible before. Watch the video. From enormous marketplaces such as eBay and Craigslist, to emerging sectors such as social lending (Zopa), peer-to-peer travel (Airbnb) and car sharing (Zipcar or peer-to-peer RelayRides), Collaborative Consumption is disrupting outdated modes of business and reinventing not just what we consume but how we consume. New marketplaces such as TaskRabbit, ParkatmyHouse, Zimride, Swap.com, Zilok, Bartercard and thredUP are enabling "peer-to-peer" to become the default way people exchange - whether it's unused space, goods, skills, money, or services - and sites like these are appearing everyday, all over the world. For a list of some of the hottest start-ups in the Collaborative Consumption space, check out our Snapshot of Examples. Click here for an infographic that summarizes the three systems of Collaborative Consumption, the key drivers and the four key principles that make it work

10 Websites for Collaborative Consumption By Yuka Yoneda (from Inhabitat) on May 19, 2011 7 Comments What if you could score a bunch of cool new stuff for free while simultaneously getting rid of all your unwanted goods just by visiting a website? Well, that's exactly the idea behind collaborative consumption, which is just a fancy way of describing a system where people share, swap or trade their clothes, books, services, etc. instead of purchasing them. The idea isn't new, but it's coming back in a big way, especially as we realize how much smarter and more sustainable it is compared to continuously producing more and more stuff. If you want to get started participating in collaborative consumption, check out our list of top websites that let you shop for things you need by sharing resources, or paying with things you already own instead of cash. SwapStyle  Fashion is fleeting, but that doesn't mean you have to be its slave. SwapStyle is a website that lets you game the system that tells us that wearing the same thing twice is a faux pas by enabling you to trade your unwanted garments with similarly chic fashionistas. We all know that producing clothing is energy and material intensive, so swapping your style definitely combats the cycle of throwaway fashion, and no one has to be the wiser!  Wedding Dress Market Every girl dreams of a fairy tale wedding with that perfect dress, but most of us don't have a Prince as our grooms! Rent the Market knows this, and lets brides looking for pricey Vera Wangs and other famous designers rent or buy used gowns at a fraction of their retail prices. Former brides that want to make more room in their closets and put a little extra cash in their pockets can also sell their dresses on the site, so it's a win-win for everyone. I-ELLA Spending half a month's salary on a single dress may sound crazy to some, but for some designer clothing junkies, it's not so far-fetched. The good news is that you can get your brand name