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Trainor suggested that the reason for this is that the motor and listening skills needed to play an instrument in concert with other people appears to heavily involve attention, memory and the ability to inhibit actions. Merely listening passively to music to Mozart -- or any other composer -- does not produce the same changes in attention and memory.

Harvard University researcher Gottfried Schlaug has also studied the cognitive effects of musical training. Schlaug and his colleagues found a correlation between early-childhood training in music and enhanced motor and auditory skills as well as improvements in verbal ability and nonverbal reasoning.

The correlation between music training and language development is even more striking for dyslexic children. "[The findings] suggest that a music intervention that strengthens the basic auditory music perception skills of children with dyslexia may also remediate some of their language deficits." Schlaug said.

Shahin's main findings are that the changes triggered by listening to musical sound increases with age and the greatest increase occur between age 10 and 13. This most likely indicates this as being a sensitive period for music and speech acquisition.

passive listening to music seems to help a person perform certain cognitive tests, at least in the short run. Actual music lessons for kids, however, leads to a longer lasting cognitive success.

Mac users are better educated (67 percent of Mac users completed a four-year degree, while only 54 percent of PC users did so), more liberal (58 versus 36 percent), more urban (52 percent said they live in a city while PC users tended to live in rural or suburban areas) and younger (18-34 demographic) than their PC counterparts (who tended to be more in the 35-49 demographic).

PC users, the survey found, like fitting in over "making their own mark" (twice as often as Mac users); prefer staying at home to "partying"; enjoy mainstream TV shows (such as "The Tonight Show") and TV channels (The History Channel, Syfy, USA) much more than Mac users (who tend towards edgier shows like "Parks and Recreation" and channels like Bravo, Showtime and HBO); they prefer to be "later adopters" of technology and are twice as likely to find it a "struggle" that's akin to learning a foreign language, and PC users tend to stick with well-established brands in everything from restaurants to painters, while Mac users bent towards the newer, more fashionable trends.

The best thing is to let children encounter these challenges from an early age, and they will then progressively learn to master them through their play over the years.”

“Risky play mirrors effective cognitive behavioral therapy of anxiety,

“Older children are discouraged from taking healthy exercise on playgrounds because they have been designed with the safety of the very young in mind,” Dr. Ball said. “Therefore, they may play in more dangerous places, or not at all.”

severe

ittle headway

communications gap.

made in the paper.

struggled

in my explanations

cultural factors plague important aspects of ESL communications in the writing center.

ack of a shared linguistic knowledge base,

ifferences in the educational, rhetorical, and cultural contexts of their language

Understanding those differences helps in formulating beneficial principles of communication

rhetorical models are quite diverse

In some cultures, one would be considered rude or abrupt to announce one's point immediately.

Socratic dialogue

didactic context

shared assumptions and patterns of language

apply a principle they have learned to a grammar error.

communicate collaboratively

ole as cultural/rhetorical informants as well as collaborators.

Cultural differences in body language

attitudes and preferences

The acceptability of degrees of physical proximity and eye contact differ between cultures.

it down first and allow the student to establish comfortable body positioning

ake body language cues from the writer

encouraging the student to speak up or ask questions

utor can foster discourse through slightly modified behavior.

temptation to address too many issues in one session

effective communications is best achieved by limiting the topics covered within the session

English is not the primary language.

The driving force behind limiting is prioritizing.

the primary cultural barrier to communication

ack of fluency in conversational dialect

Close observation is a key to interpreting and dispelling cultural interference.