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For differentiation, students may need personal assistance to stay focused, but activity does a good job incorporating kinesthetic and visual learning strategies to help ensure success. 

Game does not need much change for differentiation. It offers good visual and kinesthetic learning opportunities for every student. If you notice a child struggling the game can be altered to help them succeed easily. 

Sticky Note: This would be a great addition to a math lesson as well if the students were required to create, maintain, and balance a budget for creating this machine.

Nature of Science Standards: Plan and carry out investigations-often over a period of several lessons-as a class, in small groups or independently; use measurement skills and apply appropriate units when collecting data; keep accurate records in a notebook during investigations and communicate findings to others using graphs, charts, maps and models through oral and written reports. This activity can be adjusted for ELL students by giving them a picture chart on which to record their data. Rather than using all words on the chart, pictures of a cup, plate, cake pan, etc. can be place on the chart, and the students can fill in the results of the distance for each picture. This activity can also be used with younger age groups by having them use other objects, such as a small ping pong ball, to throw. A bigger object may be easier for younger children to throw.

5.4.2 Investigate the purpose of prototypes and models when designing a solution to a problem and how limitations in cost and design features might affect their construction. Differentiation: For special needs students to practice their life skills, give them a Wal-Mart or grocery store add and help them look up the price of one roll of aluminum foil.  Then, help them look up the price of a newspaper.  Assist students in deciding which material was more cost effective, and which material worked the best.  Take a vote on which you would use.

Each activity has an Adaptation listed in activity

5.NBT.7  add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals to hundredths, using concrete models or drawings and strategies  Differentiation: Have gifted students multiply up to three dominoes or divide the numbers instead

5.NF.1  Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions in such a way as to produce an equivalent sum or difference of fractions with like denominators. Differentiation: Have gifted students go a step further.  Time them to race against each other in how fast they can collect 16 cards.  Reward PR's!

K.OA.5 "Fluently add and subtract within 5."

5.NBT.7 "Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals to hundredths, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method and explain the reasoning used."

5.3.1

Standard 5.3.1 is mainly about producers, consumers, decomposers, and the predator/prey relationship so I don't see the connection to this activity.

5.1.3 "Demonstrate that regardless of how parts of an object are assembled the weight of the whole object is identical to the sum of the weight of the parts; however, the volume can differ from the sum of the volumes."

Extension: Incorporate social studies and language arts- The Cartesian diver is named after Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and physicist. Students can do a research report on scientists that have made significant contributions to the world of science throughout history.