elect appropriate instructional methods for each class meeting. Instead of asking,
What am I going to do in each class session? focus on What are students going to do?
(Bligh, 1971). Identify which topics lend themselves to which types of classroom activities,
and select one or more activities for each class session: lectures; small group discussions;
independent work; simulations, debates, case studies, and role playing; demonstrations;
experiential learning activities; instructional technologies; collaborative learning work, and
so on. (See other tools for descriptions of these methods.) For each topic, decide how you
will prepare the class for instruction (through reviews or previews), present the new concepts
(through lectures, demonstrations, discussion), have students apply what they have learned
(through discussion, in-class writing activities, collaborative work), and assess whether
students can put into practice what they have learned (thro
