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The teenage brain | Science News for Students - 1 views

www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/...teenage-brain brain teenage
shared by Daryl Bambic on 13 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • dopamine.
  • Dopamine levels in general peak during adolescence.
  • increased activity in the ventral striatum
  • ...27 more annotations...
  • prefrontal cortex’s ability to boss the brain increases with age.
  • reward system can outmuscle the master planner.
  • adolescent brain specifically evolved to respond to rewards so teens would leave behind the protection provided by their parents and start exploring their environment — a necessary step toward the independence they will need in adulthood.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 03 Feb 17
       
      Evolutionary reward...the teen phase of development is what has pushed us forward with the new discoveries
  • So that’s why you have parents to act as your prefrontal cortex,” Frank jokes. Then, all too often, he says, “you reach adolescence and you don’t listen to your parents anymore.”
  • brain acts as the sculptor and chops away excess synapses. Scientists refer to this process as synaptic pruning.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 03 Feb 17
       
      Great image of pruning as sculpting
  • If you have ever thought that the choices teenagers make are all about exploring and pushing limits, you are on to something
  • necessary phase in teen development
  • exploratory period.
  • Even laboratory mice experience a similar phase during their development.
  • Young mice that explore most tend to live longest
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The scanner relies on a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed images of the brains
  • Teens also can play games that require them to make choices,
  • observing and measuring which parts of the teens’ brains are most active
  • During the risk-taking and rewards-based tests, one region deep inside the brain shows more activity in adolescents than it does in children or adults, Crone says. This region, known as the ventral striatum, is often referred to as the “reward center”
  • Adolescents are particularly sensitive and responsive to influence by friends, desires and emotions, researchers say. It’s one of the hallmarks of this stage in life.
  • eel good” response helps explain why they often give in to impulsive desires.
  • to be shouting louder” between the ages of 13 and 17 than at any other time during human development.
  • prefrontal cortex, it’s the brain’s master planner.
  • brain is locked in a tug-of-war between the logical pull of the prefrontal cortex and the impulsive pull of the ventral striatum.
  • toward years of serious risk-taking
  • prefrontal cortex seems to lag in developing. It turns out this delay serves an important evolutionary function,
  • So it’s important that the master planner not be too rigid or restrictive during adolescence. Instead, it stays open to learning.
  • One of the processes involves axons, or fibers that connect nerve cells. From infancy, these fibers allow one nerve cell to talk to another. Throughout the teen years, fatty tissue starts to insulate the axons from interfering signals — it is a bit like the plastic that coats electrical cables.
  • In axons, the insulating tissue allows information to zip back and forth between brain cells much more quickly. It also helps build networks that link the prefrontal cortex with other brain regions, allowing them to work together more efficiently.
  • The second key process involves synapses. A synapse is like a dock between nerve cells. Nerve cells communicate by transmitting chemical and electrical signals. Those signals move through the synapses.
  • brain starts discarding many of these connections
  • So the brain strengthens the synapses it really needs and eliminates those that either slow things down or aren’t useful.
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Self-Reg - Self-Reg with Dr. Stuart Shanker - 0 views

self-reg.ca/self-reg self_regulation emotion
shared by Daryl Bambic on 14 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • Daryl Bambic on 14 Jan 17
     
    "Self-Reg." Self-Reg with Dr. Stuart Shanker. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2017. .
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THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM - 0 views

thebrain.mcgill.ca/...i_04_cr_peu.html fear brain amygdala
shared by Daryl Bambic on 25 Jan 17 - Cached
  • Daryl Bambic on 25 Jan 17
     
    "Thus, the ability that our superior mental structures give us to voluntarily plan an emotional response suited to the situation is a wonderful complement to our system of rapid, automatic responses. The connections from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala also enable us to exercise a certain conscious control over our anxiety. However, at the same time, this faculty can create anxiety by allowing us to imagine the failure of a given scenario or even the presence of dangers that do not actually exist."
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Take The ACE Quiz - And Learn What It Does And Doesn't Mean : Shots - Health News : NPR - 0 views

www.npr.org/...n-what-it-does-and-doesnt-mean psychology ACE trauma childhood
shared by Daryl Bambic on 18 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Remember this, too: ACE scores don't tally the positive experiences in early life that can help build resilience and protect a child from the effects of trauma. Having a grandparent who loves you, a teacher who understands and believes in you, or a trusted friend you can confide in may mitigate the long-term effects of early trauma, psychologists say
  • Resilience, he says, builds throughout life, and close relationships are key
  • nightmares
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • recurring thoughts
  • re-enact the trauma
  • distracted or withdrawn.
  • ometimes misdiagnosed as symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
  • difficulty in regulating emotions and behavior,"
  • secure attachments with caring adults.
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Embracing stress is more important than reducing stress, Stanford psychologist says - 0 views

news.stanford.edu/...tress-embrace-mcgonigal-050715 stress psychology
shared by Daryl Bambic on 18 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Psychologists have found that the ability to embrace stress requires a high tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty. You have to be able to understand that two seemingly opposite things can be true at the same time.
  • People who had experienced the highest number of stressful life events in the past were most likely to consider their lives meaningful.
  • basic biology of the stress response
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Stress leaves an imprint on your brain that prepares you to handle similar stress the next time you encounter it.
  • stress inoculation
  • Going through the experience gives your brain and body a stress vaccine.
  • how you think about stress matters is because it changes how you respond to stress.
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This Is Your Brain on Metaphors - The New York Times - 1 views

opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/...his-is-your-brain-on-metaphors metaphor brain sapolsky psychology
shared by Daryl Bambic on 19 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • viscera and emotion often drive our decisionmaking, with conscious cognition mopping up afterward, trying to come up with rationalizations for that gut decision.
  • Get someone to the point where his insula activates at the mention of an entire people, and he’s primed to join the bloodletting.
  • brain confusing reality and literalness with metaphor and symbol can have adverse consequences, the opposite can occur as well.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • This neural confusion about the literal versus the metaphorical gives symbols enormous power, including the power to make peace.
  • “mutual symbolic concessions” of no material benefit will ultimately make all the difference.
  • but when black South Africa embraced rugby and Afrikaans rugby jocks sang the A.N.C. national anthem.
  • He meant talk to their insulas and cingulate cortices and all those other confused brain regions, because that confusion could help make for a better world.
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Kids Do Better on the Marshmallow Test When They… - 8 views

greatergood.berkeley.edu/...allow_test_when_they_cooperate marshmallow mod2 teenbrain self_regulation
shared by Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21 - No Cached
  • better academically, handled frustration better, and managed their stress more effectively as adolescents. They also had healthier relationships and better health 30 years later.
  • reliability of the adults
  • suggesting that children can delay gratification longer when they are working together toward a common goal.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 207 five- to six-year-old children from two very different cultures—Western, industrialized Germany and a small-scale farming community in Kenya (the Kikuyu)
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21
       
      Why do you think the different cultures are important in the population sample?
  • (who was in another room)
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 08 Sep 21
       
      Why do you think the other child was put in a different room? Do you think that the results would have been the same if the children were in the same room?
  • and, in the cooperative version, their partner also didn’t receive an extra cookie—even if the partner had resisted themselves.
  • even though they had a lower chance of receiving an extra cookie.
  • knowing others rely on them boosts their motivation
  • fun and engaging
  • opportunity to help someone else motivated kids to hold out
  • feeling responsible
  • mattered most.
  • Cooperation is not just about material benefits; it has social value,
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Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures | BioScience | Oxford Academic - 1 views

academic.oup.com/...233998 emotions animal
shared by Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21 - No Cached
  • because emotions have evolved in specific contexts.
  • Categorically denying emotions to animals because they cannot be studied directly does not constitute a reasonable argument against their existence.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      To deny that something is real without first investigating its existence is not good science.
  • Field research
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      meaning in nature and not in a lab
  • ...48 more annotations...
  • phenotypes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      This means a type of behaviour related to a species, like mating behaviour for example.
  • My goal is to convince skeptics that a combination of “hard” and “soft” interdisciplinary research is necessary to advance the study of animal emotions.
  • broadly defined as psychological phenomena that help in behavioral management and control
  • Likewise, no single theory of emotions captures the complexity of the phenomena called emotions
  • It is important to extend our research beyond the underlying physiological mechanisms that mask the richness of the emotional lives of many animals and learn more about how emotions serve them as they go about their daily activities
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ignore the previous sentence because this one explains it: the study of emotions needs to focus more on how they help us in life and less on the biology of them.
  • emotions are real and that they are extremely important,
  • René Descartes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The philosopher who said, "I think therefore I am". He divided humans into mind/body.
  • B. F. Skinner
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Skinner was a pioneer in behaviour conditioning. He taught that emotions, because we can't measure them, are not important to understanding behaviour.
  • Why then are there competing views on the nature of animal emotions? In part, this is because some people view humans as unique animals, created in the image of God
  • researchers studying animal behavior came to realize that there was too little in studies of animal emotions and minds that was directly observable, measurable, and verifiable, and chose instead to concentrate on behavior because overt actions could be seen, measured objectively, and verified
  • Most researchers now believe that emotions are not simply the result of some bodily state that leads to an action
  • William James and Carl Lange
  • James and Lange argued that fear, for example, results from an awareness of the bodily changes (heart rate, temperature) that were stimulated by a fearful stimulus.
  • Walter Cannon's criticisms
  • there is a mental component that does not have to follow a bodily reaction
  • drugs producing bodily changes like those accompanying an emotional experience
  • do not produce the same type of conscious experience of fear
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The textbook spoke of this.
  • Primary emotions, considered to be basic inborn emotions
  • Natural selection has resulted in innate reactions that are crucial to individual survival.
  • are wired into the evolutionary old limbic system (especially the amygdala), the “emotional” part of the brain
  • substrate
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Substitue 'circuit' for this word
  • . Each is connected to the other two but each also has its own capacities
  • current research (LeDoux 1996) indicates that all emotions are not necessarily packaged into a single system, and there may be more than one emotional system in the brain.
  • Secondary emotions are those that are experienced or felt, evaluated, and reflected on. Secondary emotions involve higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex.
  • ethologists
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ethology is the study of animal behaviour and mind
  • cognitive ethologists want to know what it is like to be another animal.
  • concerns how emotions and cognition are linked
  • A sense of self in the act of knowing is created,
  • various brain structures map both the organism and external objects
  • I am inclined merely to delete it [the mental realm] from biological explanation, because it is an entirely private phenomenon, and biology must deal with the publicly demonstrable.”
  • abanac postulated that the first mental event to emerge into consciousness was the ability of an individual to experience the sensations of pleasure and displeasure
  • Examples of animal emotions
  • Social play
  • Studies of the chemistry of play support the idea that play is enjoyable.
  • dopamine (and perhaps serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • rats enjoy being playfully tickled.
  • grief in geese
  • grief and depression in orphan elephants is a real phenomeno
  • It is unlikely that romantic love (or any emotion) first appeared in humans with no evolutionary precursors in animals
  • common brain systems and homologous chemicals underlying love that are shared among humans and animals
  • No one discipline will be able to answer all of the important questions that still need to be dealt with in the study of animal emotions
  • However, research that reduces and minimizes animal behavior and animal emotions to neural firings, muscle movements, and hormonal effects will not likely lead us significantly closer to an understanding of animal emotions.
  • All research involves leaps of faith from available data to the conclusions
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      What do you think about this sentence?
  • studies of the behavior of captive animals
  • Field work also can be problematic. It can be too uncontrolled to allow for reliable conclusions to be drawn.
  • behavior is primary; neural systems subserve behavior
  • Emotions are an integral part of human life, so why not for other animals?
  • in many instances, differences in degree rather than differences in kind.

iPOL - 0 views

started by Daryl Bambic on 26 Jan 22 no follow-up yet
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