Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes.
Mattila C, Knekt P, Männistö S, Rissanen H, Laaksonen MA, Montonen J, Reunanen A.
Diabetes Care. 2007 Oct;30(10):2569-70. Epub 2007 Jul 12.
PMID: 17626891
doi: 10.2337/dc07-0292
We found a significant inverse association between serum 25OHD and risk of type 2 diabetes in the simple model. However, the association was attenuated in the multivariate analysis, adjusting for potential risk factors of type 2 diabetes. To our knowledge, this is the first cohort study investigating the association between serum 25OHD and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Our results are in line with those from the Nurses' Health Study (5), where an inverse association was observed for the intake of vitamin D supplements. We could not differentiate whether the results depended on the effect of vitamin D deficiency on β-cell function or on insulin resistance.
In summary, the results are in line with the hypothesis that a high serum 25OHD concentration may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research is needed to confirm the association and to distinguish between the independent role of vitamin D and the role of healthy dietary and lifestyle patterns in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: are we ready for a prevention trial?
Scragg R.
Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2565-6.
PMID: 18820212
doi: 10.2337/db08-0879
Despite evidence from the current article (3) and the Finnish study (17), doubts still remain about whether low vitamin status is a cause of type 2 diabetes. Further cohort studies are required, assessing baseline vitamin D status using blood 25(OH)D to be sure that the Ely and Finnish studies are not false-positive results. Glucose clamp studies are also required because we are still not sure of the mechanism influenced by vitamin D-whether it is insulin resistance, secretion, or both. But most importantly, given that nearly three decades have passed since the first studies linking vitamin D with insulin metabolism (6,7), well-designed clinical trials of the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemia status and diabetes risk are urgently required to settle this question. And they need to prevent past mistakes. In particular, the vitamin D dose given in such trials needs to be high enough-above 2,000 IU per day (19)-to raise blood 25(OH)D levels above 80 nmol/l because diabetes risk is lowest at this level (9,20). If well-designed trials are carried out and confirm a protective effect from vitamin D, it could be used by the general population as a simple and cheap solution to help prevent the diabetes epidemic.
Vitamin D and diabetes: improvement of glycemic control with vitamin D3 repletion.
Schwalfenberg G.
Can Fam Physician. 2008 Jun;54(6):864-6.
PMID: 18556494
Conclusion
These cases support information that is already known about VTD and its effect on the islet cell. As discussed above, this might be true only for vitamin D3 and not vitamin D2, although vitamin D2 has been shown to improve bone health. Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is common, and repletion might improve glycemic control early in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is one of the fastest growing chronic diseases worldwide. Vitamin D3 is inexpensive and readily available. Well-designed clinical studies are required to ascertain if improving 25(OH)D levels from an insufficiency or deficiency to sufficiency improves glycemic control in diabetes. These studies need to be properly designed: a randomized controlled trial with VTD deficiency or insufficiency identified in diabetic patients of various ethnic
Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Palomer X, González-Clemente JM, Blanco-Vaca F, Mauricio D.
Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Mar;10(3):185-97. Review.
PMID: 18269634
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00710.x
Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to alter insulin synthesis and secretion in both humans and animal models. It has been reported that vitamin D deficiency may predispose to glucose intolerance, altered insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D replenishment improves glycaemia and insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes with established hypovitaminosis D, thereby suggesting a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
Jorde R, Figenschau Y.
Eur J Nutr. 2009 Apr 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19370371
10.1007/s00394-009-0020-3
Conclusions We were not able to demonstrate that vitamin D supplementation had a significant effect on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes but without vitamin D deficiency. Further studies are needed in larger groups of subjects with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, who also exhibit low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients.
Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Arcaro G.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Nov;65(5):593-7.
PMID: 17054459
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02633.x
CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetic adults and is strongly and independently associated with increased carotid IMT. Further investigation into whether vitamin D may play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis appears to be warranted.
In conclusion, our results show that type 2 diabetic adults have significant reductions in serum 25(OH)D concentrations (vs matched controls) that predict preclinical atherosclerosis, independent of classical risk factors, renal function tests, inflammatory markers, use of medications and presence of the metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest the need for ongoing evaluation of the possible protective role of vitamin D3 supplementation in the development of atherosclerosis.
"Women from India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka with insulin resistance showed marked improvement after taking vitamin D supplements, says a study.
Von Hurst, nutrition lecturer at the Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health at Albany, conducted the study for her doctoral thesis.
Insulin resistance is largely symptom-free and sufferers are unaware of their condition. 'Once it has fully developed into type-2 diabetes, it can be treated, but not cured,' says Von Hurst.
Von Hurst says that while diet and exercise play a major part in the onset of type-2 diabetes, her findings reinforce the importance of vitamin D from the sun and supplements to prevent type-2 diabetes. She also found evidence of vitamin D increasing bone strength in older women.
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There are numerous means and ways to treat diabetes. The triplet formula of life with diabetes is 'Diet, Medicine, and Exercise'. A few individuals take consistently medication for handling diabetes. There likewise persons who give careful consideration on exercise routine for getting alleviation from diabetes complications.
Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study.
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM.
Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3.
PMID: 11705562
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06580-1
INTERPRETATION: Dietary vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. Ensuring adequate vitamin D supplementation for infants could help to reverse the increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.
Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study.
Stene LC, Joner G; Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;78(6):1128-34.
PMID: 14668274
Conclusion: Cod liver oil may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes, perhaps through the antiinflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population.
Chang TJ, Lei HH, Yeh JI, Chiu KC, Lee KC, Chen MC, Tai TY, Chuang LM.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 May;52(5):575-80.
PMID: 10792336
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00985.x
CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms were associated with type 1 diabetes in a Taiwanese population. However, functional studies are needed to establish the role of the vitamin D receptor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, Bhandare S, Riek A, Butler B, Proctor BM, Petty M, Chen Z, Schechtman KB, Bernal-Mizrachi L, Bernal-Mizrachi C.
Circulation. 2009 Aug 25;120(8):687-98. Epub 2009 Aug 10.
PMID: 19667238
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856070
Conclusion- These results identify reduced vitamin D receptor signaling as a potential mechanism underlying increased foam cell formation and accelerated cardiovascular disease in diabetic subjects.
ScienceDaily (Aug. 25, 2009) - Low levels of vitamin D are known to nearly double the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, and researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis now think they know why.
They have found that diabetics deficient in vitamin D can't process cholesterol normally, so it builds up in their blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. The new research has identified a mechanism linking low vitamin D levels to heart disease risk and may lead to ways to fix the problem, simply by increasing levels of vitamin D.
A New Zealand study has found that South Asian women with insulin resistance improved markedly after taking vitamin D supplements
Nutrition researcher Pamela von Hurst of the Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health at Albany, said while diet and exercise played a major part in the onset of type-2 diabetes, her findings reinforced the importance of vitamin D from the sun and supplements to prevent type-2 diabetes.
Initial screening of 235 Auckland women from India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka aged 20 and older, revealed 47 per cent were insulin deficient and 84 per cent were vitamin D deficient. The 81 recruited for the study were split into two groups for a randomised controlled trial and given a vitamin D supplement or placebo. As well as an improvement in insulin resistance among those who took vitamin D for six months, Ms Von Hurst said post-menopausal women in the study also showed a reduced rate of bone breakdown.
Vitamin D replacement in Asians with diabetes may increase insulin resistance.
Taylor AV, Wise PH.
Postgrad Med J. 1998 Jun;74(872):365-6.
PMID: 9799895
We report three cases of vitamin D replacement in British Asians with vitamin D deficiency and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In all cases, replacement resulted in an increase in insulin resistance and a deterioration of glycaemic control
Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetes.
Knekt P, Laaksonen M, Mattila C, Härkänen T, Marniemi J, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H, Montonen J, Reunanen A.
Epidemiology. 2008 Sep;19(5):666-71.
PMID: 18496468
doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318176b8ad
Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that high vitamin D status provides protection against type 2 diabetes. Residual confounding may contribute to this association.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness among type 2 diabetic patients.
Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Arcaro G.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Nov;65(5):593-7.
PMID: 17054459
CONCLUSIONS: Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetic adults and is strongly and independently associated with increased carotid IMT. Further investigation into whether vitamin D may play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis appears to be warranted.
Healthy eating habits and regular exercises decrease the risk of developing symptoms if diabetes to a higher extent. The signs of it can be reduced by taking nutritious, water rich food and good physical activities.
Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000.
Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ.
Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25. Epub 2008 Jun 30.
PMID: 18591391
doi: 10.2337/db08-0593
CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation.