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Kristi Hong

Article 5 and Checks and Balances REVISED - 9 views

Articles of Confederation By Kristi Article V: What are the methods by which amendments may be proposed and ratified? Amendments to the Constitution proposed in two ways - a new delegate meeting...

started by Kristi Hong on 12 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Natalie Garrett

Amendments: Natalie and Anna F block - 18 views

Amendments First: Religious & Political Freedom Congress must not interfere with freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly & petition. 4th: Searches & Seizures Unreasonable searches are ...

Constitution

started by Natalie Garrett on 11 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Matthew Harband

Article I of the US constitution - 25 views

1. Members of the house of representatives are chosen every 2 years. 2. they can be elected by the people of each state. 3. In order to be a member of the house, one must be at least 25 years old a...

U.S Constitution

started by Matthew Harband on 10 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Kay Bradley

FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Article III - 0 views

caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/...article03

shared by Kay Bradley on 17 Nov 10 - Cached
  • shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
  • The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury
  • Kay Bradley on 17 Nov 10
     
    Judicial Branch
Kay Bradley

Rooted in Reconstruction: The First Wave of Black Congressmen | The Nation - 0 views

www.thenation.com/...n-first-wave-black-congressmen

shared by Kay Bradley on 02 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Well over a century ago, during the turbulent era of Reconstruction, they were preceded by another three: Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce, both senators from Mississippi, and P.B.S. Pinchback, briefly the governor of Louisiana.
  • It also underscores how remarkable, if temporary, a transformation in American life was wrought by Reconstruction. Revels, Bruce and Pinchback were only the tip of a large iceberg--an estimated 2,000 black men served in some kind of elective office during that era.
  • For many decades, historians viewed Reconstruction as the lowest point in the American experience, a time of corruption and misgovernment presided over by unscrupulous carpetbaggers from the North, ignorant former slaves and traitorous scalawags (white Southerners who supported the new governments in the South). Mythologies about black officeholders formed a central pillar of this outlook. Their alleged incompetence and venality illustrated the larger "crime" of Reconstruction--placing power in the hands of a race incapable of participating in American democracy. D.W. Griffith's 1915 film Birth of a Nation included a scene in which South Carolina's black legislators downed alcohol and propped their bare feet on their desks while enacting laws. Claude Bowers, in The Tragic Era, a bestseller of the 1920s that did much to form popular consciousness about Reconstruction, offered a similar portrait. To Griffith and Bowers, the incapacity of black officials justified the violence of the Ku Klux Klan and the eventual disenfranchisement of Southern black voters.
  • ...54 more annotations...
  • Capitol Men
  • Dray's
  • It does not really offer an assessment of Reconstruction's successes and failings
  • Twelve years earlier, Smalls had piloted the Planter, on which he worked as a slave crewman, out of Charleston harbor and delivered it to the Union navy, a deed that made him a national hero. In 1864, while the ship was undergoing repairs in Philadelphia, a conductor evicted Smalls from a streetcar when he refused to give up his seat to a white passenger. Ninety years before a similar incident involving Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery bus boycott, Smalls's ordeal inspired a movement of black and white reformers to persuade the Pennsylvania legislature to ban discrimination in public transportation.
  • Stephens offered a long argument based on states' rights as to why the bill was unconstitutional.
  • The subject of their exchange was a civil rights bill banning racial discrimination in places of public accommodation.
  • Elliott launched into a learned and impassioned address explaining why the recently enacted Fourteenth Amendment justified the measure (which was signed into law by President Grant the following year), then reminded Congress of an infamous speech Stephens had delivered on the eve of the Civil War: "It is scarcely twelve years since that gentleman shocked the civilized world by announcing the birth of a government which rested on human slavery as its cornerstone." Elliott already had proved that he refused to be intimidated by whites: in 1869 he whipped a white man in the streets of Columbia for writing inappropriate notes to his wife. A black man assaulting a white man in defense of his wife's good name was not a common occurrence in nineteenth-century South Carolina.
  • Robert Elliott
  • Many of the black Congressmen spoke of the abuse they suffered while traveling to the Capitol. Joseph Rainey
  • Robert Elliott was refused service at a restaurant in a railroad station
  • In the House, one Virginia Democrat announced that he was addressing only "the white men," the "gentlemen," not his black colleagues
  • Congressmen Dray profiles came from diverse origins and differed in their approach to public policies. Some had been free before the Civil War, others enslaved
  • Some favored government action to distribute land to former slaves; others insisted that in a market society the only way to acquire land was to purchase it. Some ran for office as representatives of their race, others as exemplars of the ideal that, with the end of slavery and the advent of legal equality, race no longer mattered. Reconstruction's black Congressmen did not see themselves simply as spokesmen for the black community
  • was one of the more conservative black leaders; yet in the Senate he spoke out for more humane treatment of Native Americans and opposed legislation banning immigration from China
  • Blanche Bruce
  • sixteen black members of Congress
  • had enjoyed opportunities and advantages unknown to most African-Americans
  • Revels
  • had been born free in North Carolina
  • Bruce
  • was the slave son of his owner and was educated by the same tutor who taught his white half-siblings.
  • Some Congressmen had enjoyed unique privileges as slaves.
  • enjamin Turner's
  • wner allowed him to learn to read and write and to run a hotel and livery stable in Selma
  • Others, however, had experienced slavery in all its brutality.
  • Jeremiah Haralson
  • John Hyman
  • None of these men fit the old stereotype of Reconstruction officials as ignorant, incompetent and corrupt.
  • All were literate, most were seasoned political organizers by the time of their election and nearly all were honest.
  • Governor Pinchback
  • ne who does fit the image of venality wa
  • of Louisiana, whose career combined staunch advocacy of civil rights with a sharp eye for opportunities to line his pockets
  • Pinchback grew up and attended school in Cincinnati. In the 1850s he worked as a cabin boy on an Ohio River steamboat. He fell in with a group of riverboat gamblers and learned their trade. He turned up in New Orleans in 1862 and expertly navigated the byzantine world of Louisiana's Reconstruction politics. Pinchback was undoubtedly corrupt (he accumulated a small fortune while in office) but also an accomplished politician.
  • Reconstruction ended in 1877, when President Rutherford B. Hayes abandoned the idea of federal intervention to protect the rights of black citizens in the South, essentially leaving their fate in the hands of local whites.
  • black political power, while substantially diminished, did not vanish until around 1900, when the Southern states disenfranchised black voters. Six more African-Americans served in Congress before the end of the nineteenth century. Some of their Reconstruction predecessors remained active in politics
  • Robert Smalls
  • of Planter fame, served as customs collector at Beaufort until 1913, when he was removed as part of a purge of blacks from the federal bureaucracy by Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern-born president since Reconstruction.
  • Pinchback and Bruce moved to Washington, where they became leaders of the city's black elite and arbiters of federal patronage appointments for African-Americans. Bruce worked tirelessly but unsuccessfully to persuade Congress to reimburse blacks who had deposited money in the Freedman's Savings Bank, which failed during the Panic of 1873. Like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in our own time, the bank was a private corporation chartered by Congress that enjoyed the implicit but not statutory backing of the federal government. Its counterparts today are being bailed out with billions of taxpayer dollars, as they have been deemed too big to fail. The Freedman's Savings Bank was too black to rescue.
  • George White
  • The last black Congressman of the post-Reconstruction era wa
  • of North Carolina, whose term ended in 1901. From then until 1929, when
  • Oscar DePriest
  • took his seat representing Chicago, Congress remained lily-white. Not until 1972, with
  • Andrew Young's
  • election in Georgia and
  • Barbara Jordan's
  • in Texas, did black representation resume from states that had experienced Reconstruction. Today the Congressional Black Caucus numbers forty-two members, seventeen of them from the states of the old Confederacy.
  • Robert Smalls
  • One such episode involves
  • who in 1874 was elected to Congress from Beaufort County, South Carolina.
  • Alexander Stephens
  • Equally riveting is the 1874 confrontation between
  • he former vice president of the Confederacy, then representing Georgia in the House of Representatives, and another black South Carolinian,
  • Robert Brown Elliott (1842-1884) was an African American member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina. Robert Brown Elliott's early life is a mystery. Although he claimed to have been born in Liverpool, England to West Indian immigrants, and to have graduated from Eton College, biographers have been unable to corroborate these facts. He moved to South Carolina in 1867 and established a law practice. Elliott helped organize the local Republican Party and served in the state constitutional convention. In 1868 he was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives. The next year he was appointed assistant adjutant-general; he was the first African American commanding general of the South Carolina National Guard. As part of his job, he helped form a state militia to fight the Ku Klux Klan. Elliott was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second and Forty-third United States Congress. He "delivered a celebrated speech" in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.[1] He resigned on November 1, 1874, to fight political corruption in South Carolina. He served again in the South Carolina House of Representatives, where he was elected as Speaker of the House. He ran unsuccessfully for South Carolina Attorney General in 1876. Reconstruction ended that year and he was forced out of office.[] He set up a private law practice in New Orleans.
  • Kay Bradley on 02 Feb 11
     
    "Rooted in Reconstruction: The First Wave of Black Congressmen Eric Foner"
Kay Bradley

Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...c_history_of_the_United_States

economics

shared by Kay Bradley on 31 Mar 11 - Cached
  • The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1787, established that the entire nation was a unified, or common market, with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.
  • He succeeded in building a strong national credit based on taking over the state debts and bundling them with the old national debt into new securities sold to the wealthy. They in turn now had an interest in keeping the new government solvent. Hamilton funded the debt with tariffs on imported goods and a highly controversial tax on whiskey
  • Hamilton believed the United States should pursue economic growth through diversified shipping, manufacturing, and banking
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • He sought and achieved Congressional authority to create the First Bank of the United States in 1791; the charter lasted until 1811.[17]
  • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed a strong central government (and, consequently, most of Hamilton's economic policies), but they could not stop Hamilton,
  • As president in 1811 Madison let the bank charter expire, but the War of 1812 proved the need for a national bank and Madison reversed positions. The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816, with a 20 year charter.[18]
  • Cotton, at first a small-scale crop in the South, boomed following Eli Whitney's invention in 1793 of the cotton gin,
  • Millions moved to the more fertile farmland of the Midwest. States built roads and waterways, such as the Cumberland Pike (1818) and the Erie Canal (1825), opening up markets for western farm products.
  • The Whig Party supported Clay's American System, which proposed to build internal improvements (e.g. roads, canals and harbors), protect industry, and create a strong national bank
  • President Andrew Jackson (1829–1837), leader of the new Democratic Party, opposed the Second Bank of the United States, which he believed favored the entrenched interests of rich. When he was elected for a second term, Jackson blocked the renewal of the bank's charter. Jackson opposed paper money and demanded the government be paid in gold and silver coins. The Panic of 1837 stopped business growth for three years
  • Railroads made a decisive impact on the U.S. economy especially in the 1850-1873 era, making possible the transition to an urban industrial nation with high finance and advanced managerial skills. Railroads opened up remote areas, drastically cut the cost of moving freight as well as passenger travel, and stimulated new industries such as steel and telegraphy, as well as the profession of civil engineering.
  • Atlanta, Billings, Chicago, and Dallas
  • the railroad became the first large-scale business enterprise and the model for most large corporations.[24]
  • Panics did not curtail rapid U.S. economic growth during the 19th century. Long term demographic growth, expansion into new farmlands, and creation of new factories continued. New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened.
  • By 1860, on the eve of Civil War, 16% of the people lived in cities with 2500 or more people; a third of the nation's income came from manufacturing. Urbanized industry was limited primarily to the Northeast; cotton cloth production was the leading industry, with the manufacture of shoes, woolen clothing, and machinery also expanding. Most of the workers in the new factories were immigrants or their children. Between 1845 and 1855, some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually. Many remained in eastern cities, especially mill towns and mining camps, while those with farm experience and some savings bought farms in the West.[26]
  • The industrial advantages of the North over the South helped secure a Northern victory in the American Civil War
  • Industrialists came to dominate many aspects of the nation's life, including social and political affairs.[26]
  • the region maintained its dependence on cotton
  • An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, a process called the "Second Industrial Revolution."
  • By 1890, the USA leaped ahead of Britain for first place in manufacturing output.[2
  • The rapid economic development following the Civil War laid the groundwork for the modern U.S. industrial economy.
  • Parallel to these achievements was the development of the nation's industrial infrastructure
Kay Bradley

The Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution - 0 views

spot.colorado.edu/...wood.htm

Constitution philosophy

shared by Kay Bradley on 27 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Kay Bradley on 27 Oct 13
     
    "The Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution"
Aminah Luqman

Article I of the Constitution (Section III): Questions 8-10 - 17 views

8. Immediately after the people are elected and assembled in the senate, they are equally divided into three subgroups or classes. They are divided into these classes so that a different seat of se...

US Consitution Senate

started by Aminah Luqman on 11 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Alyssa Apilado

Article I (Olivia) - 19 views

Article I qUESTIONS 11,12, 14 -16, 19 11. Explain the provisions for impeachment. The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The President of the United States and the Chief Justic...

Constitution Article I

started by Alyssa Apilado on 11 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Max Novak

Article III U.S. Constitution - 16 views

Questions: 30. What provision is made for the judicial branch of the government? There are federal courts; the Supreme court, inferior courts. 31. What is the provision for the tenure of o...

BAY AREA

started by Max Novak on 10 Nov 10 no follow-up yet
Kay Bradley

Eugene H. Berwanger | Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma: Emancipation and Black Suffrage... - 0 views

www.historycooperative.org/...berwanger.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 11 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • Kay Bradley on 11 Jan 11
     
    What were Abraham Lincoln's feelings about slavery, emancipation, and civil equality for freed slaves? A corrective to some recent Wikipedia articles.
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