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Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sf6fc RIKA MMATHAPELO 220141329
shared by rikarooi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Isandlwana ultimately made things worse for the Zulus because it brought such a storm of political irritation down on Frere that he was unable to carry through his plans for a workable postwar settlement for Zululand.
  • ANGLO–ZULU WAR
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      A battle between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Army (Red soldiers.
  • weapons
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      such as guns
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • Zulu army––
  • spears
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      A long and sharp pointed weapon used for thrusting and throwing.
  • gold
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      before 1886
  • In Natal, little business confidence existed to encourage investment or immigrants,
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, A force led by Lieutenant Chelmsford saw an opportunity and invaded Zululand to enforce British demand.
  • The choice of Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner reinforces the argument that confederation was primarily intended to bring South Africa into a state of defense.
  • Frer
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      British colonial administrator in South Africa (as well as India)
  • Both Carnarvon and his successor Hicks-Beach reinforced this conviction: Carnarvon wrote to him constantly about the developing crisis in the Balkans; 26 Hicks-Beach engaged in a constant correspondence with the Colonial governments, urging them to make preparations for war , 27 and singled out Frere for praise in his efforts to take the Cape defenses in hand. 28 He also told him that if “the treaty of S. Stefano [which Russia imposed on Turkey in early 1878] remains unaltered, I think the ultimate result must be war .” 2
  • his aspect of South African affairs has been entirely neglected in the historiography, which tends to look at Frere almost entirely through the prism of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.
  • Cetshwayo
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      King Cetshwayo ordered his troop at Isandlwana (1879) to attack the British army. "Attack at the dawn and eat up the red soldiers".
  • Zulu King, who would no doubt look on this development as something of a diplomatic revolution. 48
  • Isandlwana
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      An isolated hill in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN).
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THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 0 views

diigo.com/0sf668
shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But his rise to power was probably also the result of tides that had been running in the life of the African peoples for two centuries: the rising population in the interior of Africa, the emigration from the interior that was crowding the pas­ ture lands of Natal, and the increasing contacts with European settlers and traders. Shaka's abrupt, brief and bloody appearance in history thus provides sig­ nificant inSights into the all too Iittle­ known history of the "Dark Continent."
  • Shaka had built this disciplined na­ tion and army in less than 10 years after he became chief of a small tribe of about 2,000 people
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r .
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • The castaways, like many modern students of African history, were in­ clined to regard the natives as "savages" who would attack and rob strangers un­ less frightened away. This was surely not the case; the tribes were well-organ­ ized societies with elaborate codes of law and ethics. A careful survey of the records has convinced me that the na­ tives did not slaughter and steal only when they felt they were stronger than the shipwrecked party, and trade and parley only when they were afraid; the situation was much more complicated. The natives had a great need for iron, copper and other metals: many of their javelins were made of wood hardened by fire, and in some tribes women cul­ tivated with sticks rather than with iron hoes. They
  • Seven fairly complete journals kept by castaways show that the parties were attacked either in years of widespread drought or after the invasion of locusts, when food was short among the natives; or when they were wrecked just before the harvest and the natives were in want as they waited for the new crops
  • 1,he journals and the native traditions make it clear that Natal was occu­ pied by a great number of small inde­ pendent tribes organized around kinship groups
  • Even in bad years, however, castaways who dropped out of the march from weakness were often succored by the very people who had been harassing them. Men from later shipwrecks occasionally met these cast­ aways; often they had been given cattle, wives and land, and had assumed im­ portant places among their saviors.
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • Without doubt economic forces were at work along with personal ambition in this process of political fission
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship. According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them al
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zulu warrior - 4 views

www.diigo.com/...ne3p Mondli Nzuza 220147902
shared by mondlinzuza on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    This image is not opening.
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Roman Exploration Fund.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sf6ht Thabisile Mthimunye History 2A
shared by t222227229 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The spot proposed for this exploration is close to the railway station, and would be clearly visible from that point.
  • To make some explorations in the garden of the Nunnery near this, where the agger and wall joined on to the cliff of the Esquiline.
  • No one has been permitted to examine this for the last half century; but as this convent will also have to be sold, there will be no difficulty now.
2More

black people with guns 1800 in africa - Bing - 2 views

www.bing.com/...search FEZEKA NTANDO HLOPHE 222105736
shared by fezekantando on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • fezekantando on 26 Apr 23
     
    Guns In Africa 19 century
  • fezekantando on 26 Apr 23
     
    ethopian people carrying guns in the 19century
6More

Gale 77 final pdf.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0sf6id Anathi Johnson
shared by bulelwa on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      This section from "As ivory and copal were reserved by treaty until to the last word that says the revenue of both of these heads". They are the main idea. It tells the reader how bulk breaking is affecting them.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      The word memorundum from this source suggest that this is a primary source.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zanzibar is the area explored is my Digo assesment region it is found in East Africa.
  • ...2 more annotations...
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Tis is the year that is under 19th century.
    • bulelwa
      bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
       
      Not only did i post this document, I posted original gale document to show that I took this document from UJ database. I was not able to annotate it successfully that is why I annotated the PDF version .
  • bulelwa on 26 Apr 23
     
    This memorandum found in Gale store shows that the ivory trade in Zanzibar which is part of East Africa used a system which is called break bulking to be shipped in small amounts rather than one big cargo which can limit spending the amount of money on shipping goods. Zanzibar was negatively impacted by break bulking and this memorandum sought to address that.
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Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-... - 1 views

diigo.com/0sf6jk Nokubonga Khumalo
shared by nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Shaka
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was the most powerful ruler of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 until his death in 1828.
  • The history of the Zulu Kingdom begins with the reign of Dingiswayo, chief of the Mthethwa, an Nguni-speaking group of the Bantu population in southeastern Africa. During his reign from 1808 to 1818, Dingiswayo conquered several chiefdoms surrounding the Mthethwa territory. The main drive for Dingiswayo's wars of conquest was his desire to end the internecine fighting between different communities and to bring them under a single governmen
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dingiswayo was the first person to ever rule the ZULU KINGDOM of the Mthethwa and he managed to defeat those other chiefdoms that surrounded him.
  • The Zulu, at that time a small lineage of some 2,000 members, were also conquered by the Mthethwa. Shaka an illegitimate son of the Zulu chief, took refuge with the MthethwaS joined their army, and became one of its bravest warriors. When the chief of the Zulu died, Shaka seized power and reorganized the Zulu community along Mthethwa military lines based on age rather than kinship. Dingiswayo died in 1818 during a confrontation with the Ndwandwe community. Thereafter Shaka killed the legitimate heir of Dingiswayo appointed a favorite to be the new Mthethwa chiefs but soon subsumed the Mthethwa regiments under Zulu control and proclaimed himself the new ruler of the Zulu Kingdom.
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dingiswayo also managed to conquer the Zulus and joined armies with them but when he died King Shaka Zulu took over and ruled the Zulu Kingdom on his own .
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The reign of Shaka marks a crucial phase in the history of the Zulu Kingdom. After Shaka had seized power, he further developed the disciplined organization of the military. He introduced the assegai (a short thrusting spear) and trained the army to encircle the enemy in a shield-to-shield formation so that rival warriors could be stabbed at the heart. These military-technical innovations were to be of enormous political importance. The efficiency of the military apparatus allowed Shaka to gather a large number of chiefdoms into one entity and to incorporate the defeated troops into the Zulu military. Though some chiefdoms were able to disperse into other territories, Shaka's wars resulted in the merging of some 300 formerly independent chiefdoms into the Zulu Kingdom.
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shaka is the first person to introduce the idea of spears and he is the one who made sure that every person in the army of the Zulus knows how to attack their enemies , after he defeated those smaller chiefdoms he then took control of them and formed a larger Zulu Kingdom.
  • In 1878, Bartle Frere, the British High Commissioner of South Africa, presented an ultimatum for Cetshwayo to disband the Zulu army, stop the many executions, as Shepstone had already advised during Cetshwayo's coronation, give missionaries the freedom to teach, and grant young Zulu men the freedom to marry. When the Zulu king did not conform to these demands, a succession of bloody confrontations between the Zulu and the British ultimately led to the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879, aiter which the Zulu Kingdom was brought under British colonial rule.
    • nokubongakhumalo
      nokubongakhumalo on 26 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph is all about how the Anglo-Zulu war started.
1More

Elephant Tusks with Brian Nicholson (1931 - 2010) | AfricaHunting.com - 1 views

www.africahunting.com/...brian-nicholson-1931-2010.6373 Ipeleng Sitwe 222054131
shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
     
    Throughout history, human desire for ivory to make products such as jewelry, religious art pieces has outmatched the efforts to stop killing African elephants for their tusks, hence this picture shows Africans and an American holding the largest ivory
19More

A Brief History of the Ivory Trade in Africa - 0 views

www.thoughtco.com/ivory-trade-in-africa-43350 ipeleng Sitwe 222054131
shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  •  Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy
  •  Ivory has been desired since antiquity because its relative softness made it easy to carve into intricate decorative items for the very wealthy
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The demand was high for ivory because it was used for products like jewelry and religious art pieces
  • As Portuguese navigators began exploring the West African coastline in the 1400s, they soon entered into the lucrative ivory trade, and other European sailors were not far behind.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory worth more in value and it was easy to make money. A lot of countries from surrounding and others from different continents participated in the ivory trade to enrich themselves
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • During the days of the Roman Empire, the ivory exported from Africa largely came from North African elephants
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Ivory trade was one of the contributions why elephants went extinct. There was a large demand of ivory and that contributed to a lot of elephants getting killed in large numbers.
  •  In West Africa, trade focused on numerous rivers that emptied into the Atlantic, but in Central and East Africa, there were fewer rivers to use.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Shipping was one of the mode of transport for transporting ivory to other parts of Africa. But it had a limitation because there was no reliable route to use and there were few rivers that that went to the Central and East Africa
  • people were the primary movers of goods.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Since there was no suitable mode of transport for transporting the ivory, this only meant that people themselves will have to deliver the ivory to the buyers. This would need a lot of people who are going to be moving the goods to cover the demand.
  • The need for human porters meant that the growing trade of ivory and enslaved people went hand-in-hand, particularly in East and Central Africa.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      This was when the introduction of slavery to the ivory trade came about. Since there was shortage of porters, this would mean that traders have to find slaves that are going to be the one doing the moving of the goods.
  • In the 1800s and early 1900s, European ivory hunters began hunting elephants in greater numbers. As demand for ivory increased, elephant populations were decimated. In 1900, several African colonies passed game laws that limited hunting, though recreational hunting remained possible for those who could afford the expensive licenses. 
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      As time went by and the demand for ivory increased, elephants were killed in large proportions leading to game laws being passed that limited people from hunting.
  • Poaching and the ivory trade continued, however.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The game laws did not stop people from illegally hunting elephants for ivory and they continued their trade by illegally obtaining the ivory
  • Many argue, though, that any legitimate trade in ivory encourages poaching and adds a shield for it since illegal ivory can be publicly displayed once purchased. It looks the same as legitimate ivory, for which their continues to be relatively high demand for both Asian medicine and decorative objects.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Legitimate or not, elephant killing is wrong on many levels because at the end the elephant population decreases leading to extinction of the elephants with no memory of existence
1More

April 1876 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do Ipeleng Sitwe 222054131
shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
     
    This manuscripts highlights the importance of slavery during the ivory trade. The trade came with a lot of introductions like people transporting goods for themselves, the river also as a mode of transport. The high demand in ivory caused the traders to look for slaves that would do the transporting of the goods
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Smith__K__0869818015__Section3.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sf6kd Ipeleng Sitwe 222054131
shared by ipeleng on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • the slave and ivory trade played a more crucial role in opening up routes and creating new demands and avenues. In the period up to 1880 the search for slaves and ivory, essentially extractive products, became so significant that other activities such as agriculture and manufacturing were neglected
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this time, there was a high demand in ivory and that meant that there had to be more workers being slaves. The traders had to enslave more people to work and cover the high demand and to also transport the goods in person as there were limitations to other modes of transport.
  • Fortunately for the Mozambican economy, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the demand for slaves was rising
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The rise in the demand of slaves was caused by the introduction of trades that needed workers
  • behind after the expira­ tion of their contracts. Fresh inputs of contract labour followed a period of great growth in the sugar industry in the 1850s, and by 1907 almost half a million Indians had been brought to Mauritius. At the same time the British refused to allow the French to import Indian labour to Reunion to extend the p
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • tracts. Fresh inputs of contract labour followed a period of great growth in the sugar industry in the 1850s, and by 1907 almost half a million I
  • 1907 almost half a million Indians had been brought to Mauritius. At the same time the British refused to allow the French to import Indian labour to Reunion to extend the plantations there. So the French
  • a to North African ports in order to be shipped to the Ottoman empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • ra to North African ports in order to be shipped to the Ottoman empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • n empire and to the East. Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows.
  • . Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 days
  • Slaves and ivory were also brought from the interior to the east coast, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Slaves were transported in large numbers in small boats. some would even die on the way because of overcrowding and the diseases that come with unhygienic spaces
  • st, where the Arabs bought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 days. The short passage from Kilwa to Zanzibar took only 24 hours, so no food for slaves was taken aboard. If the winds failed and the boat was becalmed for a few days
  • ought them and transported them to Arabia and Persia in dhows. The passage between Zanzibar and southern Arabia usually took between 30 and 35 day
  • If one reason for vigorous trade between the coast and the interior was the greatly increased demand for slaves, the other reason was the increased demand for ivory.
  • Europe and America developed new uses for East African ivory. Knife handles had been made from the hard ivory of West Africa, but the softer East African ivory was better for billiard balls, piano keys and combs
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some of the products that are made out of ivory
  • Throughout the nineteenth century demand was greater than the supply, and the price moved steadily upwards
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      Traders were making more profit since there were a lot of buyers and with the prices being high it is for their advantage if they are also matching the price standard.
  • slaves were used to transport the ivory to the coast as draught animals could not live in the tsetse-infested country.
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is why they needed more slavers so that they can personally transport the goods because animals could not withstand the tsetse-infested countries
  • .
    • ipeleng
      ipeleng on 26 Apr 23
       
      The growth of other countries was at the expense of other basically because Kilwa was able to attract trade from the same interior and that did not sit the Portuguese well because they could not control what they do. Their trade was also stimulated by the demand of slaves so they were the suppliers. Disagreements regarding the route that Yao was using to move their supplies and Makua started making things difficult for Yao to continue the trade using that route. END!
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19326-f0994c344b9f362b8bd58af0b06e1fa9.jpg (300×300) - 2 views

www.diigo.com/...5r2i mhlengi
shared by mhlengixaba on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • mhlengixaba on 26 Apr 23
     
    The image of trade with ivory
  • ujhistprof on 13 Jun 23
     
    broken link/ takes me to a not found page
4More

Africa's ivory trade - a history of criminalisation, corruption and violence - SAS Blogs - 3 views

blogs.sas.ac.uk/...sation-corruption-and-violence Mathapelo Mabote HISTORY 2A
shared by mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23
       
      The hate for poaching elephants for their ivory began in the late 20th century. Here we see media coverage about this matter, and different organizations pertaining to the conservation of the environment raising awareness about this matter. We also see members of the public, especially in the Western world growing conscious about the killing of animals.
  • Every decade or so, dating back to the 1970s, there is an upsurge of media interest in the slaughter of elephants for their ivory, and the implications for wildlife conservation. Here, Keith Somerville a senior research fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies (ICWS), who is currently researching ivory poaching in Africa, provides an account of the current state of the illicit industry that is threatening to wipe out elephants and other species
  • More ominously, in the eyes of Western governments, Elephant Action League’s (a conservation advocacy group) investigations show the Somali Islamist Al Shabab movement earning between $200,000 and $600,000 a month from ivory poaching and smuggling. Some Western security sources and President Kenyatta of Kenya have also said the Al Shabab raid on the Westgate Mall in Nairobi in which 67 people were killed, was funded by ivory smuggling.
    • mathapelo063
      mathapelo063 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Traders or people could make fortunes from selling Ivory. Now as people all over the world became environmentally conscious, the traders felt threatened that their hustle will come to an end. As a result, they resorted to trading the ivory illegally.
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