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chantesolomonstatum

The story of East Africa's role in the transatlantic slave trade - 8 views

theconversation.com/ransatlantic-slave-trade-43194

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 17 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The plundering and burning of the sugar plantations in France’s wealthiest colony had destroyed the established market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao José was thus a pioneer, hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was no easy matter, as traders in Angola and the Congo monopolised the sale of slaves to Portuguese America.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The East African slave rebellion and the plundering and burning of the sugar plantains in France's wealthiest colony, destroyed the market for East African slaves in the Americas. The Sao Jose pioneered hoping to find a new market for East African slaves in Brazil. This was not easy as traders in Angola and Congo then monopolized the sale of slaves to the Portuguese America.
  • East Africa was a late participant in the transatlantic slave trade. It was only in the 1770s that a regular trade in slaves to the French islands of Mauritius and Réunion began from points on the East African coast. Small numbers of slaves had been carried around the Cape for more than a century. But as planters on St Domingue cried out for labour, this trade became more profitable and systematic, particularly as the French king agreed to subsidise the shipment of slaves to the island.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      East Africa was late in participating in the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1770s the French traded slaves from the Island of Mauritius to the East African coast. Trade became more profitable due to the St Domingue labor the French king then agreed to subsidize the shipment of slaves to the island
  • Rebellions were frequent and slave ships carried large crews and the firepower needed to suppress any resistance. The East Africa slave trade reached its peak in 1789-90 when about 46 ships, carrying more than 16,000 slaves, circumnavigated the Cape. Almost all were bound for the sugar and coffee plantations of northern St Domingue.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • A triangular trade developed as ships sailed from French ports such as Bordeaux and Nantes to buy slaves in East Africa. The slaves were then taken to St Domingue and exchanged for tropical produce like sugar, coffee and indigo. The size of these vessels grew in the 1780s and some had the capacity to carry up to 1000 slaves.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The French ports such as Bordeaux and Nates bought slaves in East Africa. Slaves were then taken to St Domingue and were exchanged for tropical produce such as sugar, coffee, and indigo. In the 1780s the size of the slave vessels grew and some of these vessels had up to 1000 slaves in them.
  • The recent discovery of the remains of the Portuguese slave ship São José off Cape Town has brought East Africa’s role in the transatlantic slave trade to public attention.
  • All this made a bad situation only worse as the major market for East African slaves was in a state of high rebellion.
  • In France, the republicans had outlawed slavery and the slave trade. In Britain, a chorus was rising in many parts of the country in opposition to a trade that wrenched 80,000 people every year from their homes in Africa and brought them to the Americas.
mbalenhle2003

Slavery | Encyclopedia.com - 2 views

www.encyclopedia.com/...slavery

Mbalenhle Magagula History 2A

shared by mbalenhle2003 on 23 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel or a tangible form of movable property. For much of human history, slavery has constituted an important dimension of social and occupational organization. The word slavery originated with the sale of Slavs to the Black Sea region during the ninth century. Slavery existed in European society until the nineteenth century, and it was the principal source of labor during the process of European colonization.
  • Some forms of slavery existed among the indigenous societies in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. However, the reconstruction of the Americas after 1492 led to a system of slavery quite unprecedented in human experience. Slavery in the Americas was a patently artificial social and political construct, not a natural condition. It was a specific organizational response to a specific labor scarcity. African slavery in the Americas, then, was a relatively recent development in the course of human history—and quite exceptional in the universal history of slave societies.
  • Nevertheless, the first Africans who accompanied the early Spanish explorers were not all slaves. Some were free (such as Pedro Alonso Niño, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his third voyage); and others were servants.Nuflo de Olano, who accompanied Vasco Nuñez de Balboa across the Isthmus of Panama was, however, a slave. So were Juan Valiente and several others who traveled and fought with Hernán Cortés in Mexico, or the Pizarro brothers in Peru, or Pánfilo de Narváez in Florida. Those blacks who sailed with Columbus on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492 were free men, and their descendants presumably were as free as any other Spanish colonist in the Americas. Other blacks who accompanied the early Spanish conquistadores might have been servile, but they were not true slaves as the term was later understood. Estebanico—described as "Andrés Dorantes' black Moorish slave"—accompanied Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in his amazing journey around the Gulf of Mexico and overland across the Southwest to Mexico City in the late 1520s and 1530s. Estebanico learned several local Indian languages with consummate ease, and he posed, along with his companions, as holy men gifted with healing powers (Weber, p. 44). The chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes several "blacks" who accompanied Hernán Cortés to Mexico—one of whom brought wheat to the New World, and another (a follower of Pánfilo de Narváez) who introduced smallpox among the Indians, with lethal results (Castillo, 1979). Of the 168 men who followed Francisco Pizarro to Peru in 1532 and captured the Inca at Cajamarca, at least two were black: Juan García, born in Old Castile, served the expedition as a piper and crier, and Miguel Ruiz, born in Seville, was a part of the cavalry and probably received a double portion of the spoils, as did all those who had horses.
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • Slavery was also a form of power relations, so slaves by and large did not have an equal voice in articulating a view of their condition. Their actions, however, spoke loudly of their innermost thoughts and represented their reflections on, and reactions to, the world in which they found themselves. Columbus thought the people he encountered in the Caribbean in 1492 might make good slaves, as he seemed to infer in his log of October 10, 1492, when he wrote: "They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think that they can easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases Our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highness when I depart, in order that they may learn our language" (Columbus, p. 77).
  • The transatlantic slave trade formally began in 1518, when King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct importation of Africans to his colonies in the Americas, finally acknowledging that the potential supply of indigenous slaves was inadequate to maintain the economic viability of his fledgling overseas colonies. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese started to import Africans to Brazil to create a plantation society and establish an Atlantic bulwark against other Europeans intruding along the coast. As the demand for labor grew, the number of Africans imported as slaves increased, and manual labor throughout the Americas eventually became virtually synonymous with the enslavement of Africans. The transatlantic slave trade became a lucrative international enterprise, and by the time it ended, around 1870, more than ten million Africans had been forcibly transported and made slaves in the Americas. Many millions more died in Africa or at sea in transit to the Americas.
  • The slave trade responded to an interrelated series of factors operating across Africa, at the supply side, and also in the Americas, at the market level. The trade can be divided into four phases, strongly influenced by the development of colonialism throughout the hemisphere. In the first phase, lasting to about 1620, the Americas were the domain of the Spanish and the Portuguese. These Iberian powers introduced about 125,000 slaves to the Americas, with some 75,000 (or 27 percent of African slave exports of the period) to the Spanish colonies, and about 50,000 (18 percent of the trade) to Brazil. This was a relatively small flow of about 1,000 slaves per year, most of whom were supplied from Portuguese forts along the West African coast. But slavery in the towns, farms, and mines of the Americas then employed less African slaves (about 45 percent of the total Atlantic trade) than in the tropical African islands of Fernando Po and Sâo Tomé, Europe proper, or the islands of the Madeiras, Cape Verdes, and the Azores (about 55 percent of trade). Indeed, the small island of Sâo Tomé alone received more than 76,000 African slaves during the period, exceeding the entire American market.
  • The second phase of the transatlantic slave trade lasted from 1620 to about 1700 and saw the distribution of approximately 1,350,000 slaves throughout the Americas, with an additional 25,000 or so going to Europe. During this phase, the Americas became the main destination of enslaved Africans. The trade was marked by greater geographical distribution and the development of a more varied supply pattern. The European component of the trade eventually dwindled to less than 2 percent. Instead, Brazil assumed the premier position as a slave destination, receiving nearly 42 percent of all Africans sold on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish America received about 22 percent, distributed principally in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, Central America, and the Andean regions of South America. The English Caribbean colonies bought more than 263,000 slaves, or 20 percent of the volume sold in the Americas. The French Caribbean imported about 156,000 slaves, or 12 percent; and the small islands of the Dutch Caribbean bought another 40,000 slaves, or 3 percent of slaves sold throughout the Americas.
  • Even more important, slavery evolved into a complex system of labor, commerce, and society that was legally, socially, and ethnically distinct from other forms of servitude, and that was almost always applied to the condition of nonfree Africans. Two patterns of colonies developed throughout the western hemisphere: colonies designed as microcosms of European societies and colonies designed primarily for the efficient production of export commodities. The first group of colonies constituted the settler colonies. In these colonies, slaves constituted a minority of the population and did not necessarily represent the dominant labor sector. In the second group were exploitation plantation colonies, marked by their overwhelming proportion of nonfree members, and in which slavery formed the dominant labor system.
  • The period between 1701 and 1810 represented the maturation of the slave system in the Americas. This third phase witnessed the apogee of both the transatlantic slave trade and the system of American slavery. Altogether, nearly six million Africans—amounting to nearly 60 percent of the entire transatlantic slave trade—arrived in American ports. Brazil continued to be the dominant recipient country, accounting for nearly two million Africans, or 31 percent, of the trade during this period. The British Caribbean plantations (mainly on Barbados and Jamaica) received almost a million and a half slaves, accounting for 23 percent of the trade. The French Antilles (mainly Saint-Domingue on western Hispaniola, Martinique, and Guadeloupe) imported almost as many, accounting for 22 percent of the trade. The Spanish Caribbean (mainly Cuba) imported more than 500,000 slaves, or 9.6 percent of the trade. The Dutch Caribbean accounted for nearly 8 percent of the trade, but most of those slaves were re-exported to other areas of the New World. The British North American colonies imported slightly more than 300,000, or slightly less than 6 percent of the trade, while the small Danish colonies of the Caribbean bought about 25,000 slaves, a rather minuscule proportion of the slaves sold in the Americas during this period.
  • The system of slavery in the Americas was generally restrictive and harsh, but significant variations characterized the daily lives of slaves. The exhaustive demands of the plantation societies in parts of the Caribbean and Brazil, combined with skewed sexual balances among the slaves, resulted in excessively high mortality rates, unusually low fertility rates, and, consequently, a steady demand for imported Africans to maintain the required labor forces. The recovery of the indigenous populations in places such as Mexico and the Andean highlands led to the use of other systems of coerced labor, somewhat reducing the reliance on African slaves in these areas. Frontiers of grazing economies such as the llanos of Venezuela, the southern parts of Brazil, and the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay required only modest supplies of labor, so that African slaves constituted a small proportion of the local population. Only in the United States did the slave population reproduce itself dramatically over the years, supplying most of the internal demand for slave labor during the nineteenth century.In general, death rates were highest for slaves engaged in sugar production, especially on newly opened areas of the tropics, and lowest among domestic urban workers, except during periodical outbreaks of epidemic diseases.
  • The attack on the slave trade paralleled growing attacks on the system of slavery throughout the Americas. The selfdirected abolition from below that occurred in Saint-Domingue in 1793 was not repeated elsewhere, however. Instead, a combination of internal and external events eventually determined the course of abolition throughout the region. The issue of slavery became a part of the struggle for political independence for the mainland Spanish American colonies. Chile (1823), Mexico, and the new Central America States (1824), abolished slavery immediately after their wars of independence from Spain. The British government abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1834, effectively ending the institution in 1838. Uruguay legally emancipated its few remaining slaves in 1842. The French government ended slavery in the French Antilles in 1848. Colombia effectively abolished slavery in 1851, with Ecuador following in 1852, Argentina in 1853, and Peru and Venezuela in 1854. The United States of America abolished slavery after the U.S. Civil War in 1865. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886. Finally, Brazil abolished slavery in 1888.
  • Opposition to SlaveryThe eighteenth century formed the watershed in the system of American slavery. Although individuals, and even groups such as the Quakers, had always opposed slavery and the slave trade, general disapproval to the system gained strength during the later eighteenth century, primarily due to the growth of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rationality, and British Evangelical Protestantism. Opposition to slavery became increasingly more coordinated in England, and it eventually had a profound impact, with the abolition of the English slave trade in 1807. Before that, prodded by Granville Sharp and other abolitionists, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield declared slavery illegal in Great Britain in 1772, giving enormous impetus to the British antislavery movement. The British legal ruling, in time, freed about 15,000 slaves who were then in Britain with their colonial masters, who estimated their "property loss" at approximately £700,000.
  • In 1776 the British philosopher and economist Adam Smith declared in his classic study The Wealth of Nations that the system of slavery represented an uneconomical use of land and resources, since slaves cost more to maintain than free workers. By the 1780s the British Parliament was considering a series of bills dealing with the legality of the slave trade, and several of the recently independent former North American colonies—then part of the United States of America—began to abolish slavery within their local jurisdictions. After 1808—when Great Britain and the United States legally abolished their component of the transatlantic slave trade—the English initiated a campaign to end all slave trading across the Atlantic, and to replace slave trading within Africa with other forms of legal trade. Through a series of outright bribes, diplomatic pressure, and naval blockades, the trade gradually came to an end around 1870.
  • Slavery Scholarship and the Place of the Slave in the WorldThe topic of slavery has attracted the attention of a very large number of writers. Before the 1950s, writers tended to view slavery as a monolithic institution. Then, as now, there was much discussion of slavery, and less of the slaves themselves. Standard influential American studies, such as U. B. Phillips's American Negro Slavery (1918) and Life and Labor in the Old South (1929), Kenneth M. Stampp's The Peculiar Institution (1956), and Stanley Elkins' Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (1959), misleadingly described slaves as passive participants to their own cruel denigration and outrageous exploitation. In Phillips's world, everyone was sublimely happy. In the world of Stampp and Elkins, they were not happy—but neither could they help themselves. Apparently neither Stampp nor Elkins read much outside their narrow field—or if they did, they discounted it. Certainly the then available scholarship of Eric Williams, C. L. R. James, or Elsa V. Goveia is not evident in their works. Herbert Aptheker in American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma (1944), and Frank Tannenbaum in Slave and Citizen (1946) had tried, in those three intellectually stimulating works, to modify the overall picture, but without much success.
  • Conditions of Slavery
  • Then, in 1956, Goveia published an outstanding book, Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century. As Francisco Scarano notes of Goveia's work: "Goveia's sensitive and profound study of slave society in the British Leewards … is doubtless one of the great works of Caribbean history in any language. The Guyanese historian revealed the ways in which, in a racialized slave society, the imperative of slave subordination permeated all contexts of social interaction, from legal system to education and from religion to leisure. Everything was predicated on the violence necessary to maintain slavocratic order" (Scarano, p. 260). Goveia's approach inculcated the slaves with agency, a fundamental quality of which earlier writers seemed incredibly unaware. Slaves continuously acted in, as well as reacted to, the world in which they existed.
  • But slavery was not only attacked from above. At the same time that European governments contemplated administrative measures against slavery and the slave trade, the implacable opposition of the enslaved in the overseas colonies increased the overall costs of maintaining the system of slavery. Slave revolts, conspiracies, and rumors of revolts engendered widespread fear among owners and administrators. Small bands of runaway slaves formed stable black communities, legally recognized by their imperial powers in difficult geographical locations such as Esmeraldas in Ecuador, the Colombian coastal areas, Palmares in Brazil, and in the impenetrable mountains of Jamaica. Then, in 1791, the slaves of Saint-Domingue/Haiti, taking their cue somewhat from the French Revolution, staged a successful revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and a number of other local leaders. The radical French commissioner in the colony, Léger Félicité Sonthonax (1763–1813) saw the futility of trying to defeat the local revolt and declared the emancipation of all slaves and their immediate admission to full citizenship (1793), a move ratified the following year by
  • French colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte revoked the decree of emancipation in 1802, but he failed to make it stick in Saint-Domingue, where the former slaves and their free colored allies declared the independence of Haiti—the second free state in the Americas—in 1804.The fourth and final phase of the transatlantic trade lasted from about 1810 to 1870. During that phase approximately two million Africans were sold as slaves in a greatly reduced area of the Americas. With its trade legal until 1850, Brazil imported some 1,145,400 Africans, or about 60 percent of all slaves sold in the Americas after 1810. The Spanish Antilles—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—imported more than 600,000 Africans (32 percent), the great majority of them illegally introduced to Cuba after an Anglo-Spanish treaty to abolish the Spanish
  • he revolutionary government in Paris, which extended the emancipation to all
seeranefm

Captive Africans being transferred to ships along the Slave Coast for the transatlantic... - 2 views

cdn.britannica.com/...ave-Coast-slave-trade-1880.jpg

seeranefm 220111934_' transatlantic slave trade

shared by seeranefm on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • seeranefm on 21 Apr 23
     
    Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Transatlantic global slave trade brought between 10 and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
Thandeka TSHABALALA

The case for Africans: The role of slaves and masters in emancipation on the gold coast... - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...01440390008575298

Thandeka Constance Tshabalala 220124101

shared by Thandeka TSHABALALA on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. People also read Recommended articles Cited by 2
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 26 Apr 23
       
      Slavery existed in various forms in the Gold Coast before the arrival of Europeans. In some societies, slaves were treated as members of the family and could even rise to positions of power, while in others they were seen as little more than property. The arrival of Europeans and the demand for slaves for the transatlantic trade led to an increase in the number of slaves taken from the region.
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 26 Apr 23
       
      The transatlantic slave trade was abolished in the 19th century, but the legacy of slavery and colonialism continues to shape the social and economic structures of many African countries, including Ghana.
  • ...2 more annotations...
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Gold Coast, which is now modern-day Ghana, was a major center of the transatlantic slave trade during the 18th and 19th centuries
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 26 Apr 23
       
      Europeans established trading posts along the coast, where they exchanged goods such as textiles, firearms, and alcohol for African captives who were then transported across the Atlantic to work as slaves in the Americas.
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    Only the preview page is displayed.
andilemazibuko

Introduction: imagining transatlantic slavery and abolition.pdf - 2 views

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • hopes of at last building some sort of international coalition against the slave trade were undoubtedly one of the factors that pushed the British parliament across the abolitionist threshold
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      British parliament finally ended their participation in the transatlantic slave trade, not because of their humanity, but because of their financial and political interests. It may have been an attempt to get other countries to trust them after the major colonization they did.
  • Britain and the United States would play a leading role in suppressing the slave trade, although both nations would remain deeply involved, economically and politically, in the institution of slavery
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Hypocritical behavior. They wanted to stop other countries from benefitting from slavery. Shows signs of capitalism.
  • ending of slavery in the British Caribbean (1833 /4) and the United States (1865). Even then, slavery still flourished in Cuba and Brazil; indeed, it was not until 1888 that Brazil finally emancipated all of its slaves.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Suffice it to say that explanations encompass a wide range of issues, among them economic ‘decline’, black resistance, compassionate humanitarianism and debates over the morality and purpose of empire
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Reasons for Britain's huge role in the abolition of slavery.
  • enslaved Africans were vital to the economic success of plantation
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      One of the reasons that it took so long for slavery to be abolished. Free labour to meet their demand for sugar, rice, indigo and tobacco to export.
  • x-slaves were invited to share in this cult of gratitude and
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      False image to appease the "black resistance"
preciousbosiki29

Strategic tangles: Slavery, colonial policy, and religion in German East Africa, 1885-1... - 1 views

Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

shared by preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were quite distinct from their West African and transatlantic counterparts. In East Africa, the translocal slave trade did not emerge until the late eighteenth century and grew throughout the nineteenth century, fuelled by the expansion of ivory hunting and the caravan economy into the hinterland, as well as by the labour demands of Zanzibar’s booming clove plantations. When the clove market declined in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to end slave exports in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decrease, but was now driven by the demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the acquisitions by wealthy households along the caravan routes. 1 In the 1860s, European missionaries began to discover East African slavery as a rallying cause, most notably the Universities’
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      In comparison to West Africa and the transatlantic slave trade, slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were considerably different. The translocal slave trade did not start in East Africa until the late eighteenth century, and it developed during the nineteenth century thanks to the growth of the caravan economy and the extension of the ivory trade into the hinterland, as well as the labor needs of the thriving clove plantations in Zanzibar. When the demand for cloves decreased in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to stop exporting slaves in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decline; instead, it was now fueled by demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the purchases of affluent families along the caravan routes.1 Around 1860, European.
  • Initially, slavery and the slave trade were of no concern to the German colonial acquisitions. Carl Peters, the infamous pioneer of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company sought to lay the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist ideology, and had no interest in the humanitarian rhetoric of their abolitionist contemporaries. Instead, the Company pondered various measures of how to “raise the Negro to plantation work,” and its schemes for labour coercion soon provoked the criticism that the Company was itself practising a form of slavery. 6 Likewise, on the side of Imperial politics, there was no incentive to get involved in the fight against slavery and the slave trade. Bismarck’s charter policy only allowed for political interference as far as German trade interests were concerned and did not make room for larger geopolitical narratives of “civilisation.” When in 1885 the German consul in Zanzibar, Gerhard Rohlfs, suggested to use the German corvette “Gneisenau” for disrupting the slave trade as a way of bolstering German authority in the region, Bismarck famously replied: “[...] the slaves are none of your business. You are to strive for friendship and transit. ” 7 Similarly, a judicial expertise by the Foreign Office concluded a few months later that subjects in the territories of the German East Africa Company could not be seen as German citizens and thereby could not claim a constitutional right of freedom from slavery. 8 All of this drastically changed in 1888, when the Sultan of Zanzibar leased the coastal strip of Tan
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Initially, the German colonial acquisitions had no concern about slavery or the slave trade. Carl Peters, the infamous forerunner of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company showed no interest in the altruistic rhetoric of their abolitionist predecessors and instead wanted to build the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist philosophy. Instead, the Company considered other ways to "raise the Negro to plantation work," and its plans for forced labor quickly sparked accusations that the Company was actually engaging in slavery.6 Similarly, there was no reason for Imperial politics to get engaged in the struggle against slavery and the slave trade. The charter philosophy of Bismarck only permitted political involvement .
  • Therefore, the newspaper’s geopolitical clamour about “Arabs” and Islam reflected the rise of colonial activism, 16 as well as the realisation that the German endeavours in East Africa would require a powerful narrative for replacing the current rulers there. However, this did little to sway Bismarck’s opinion, who even after the East African uprising was opposed to military aid for the German East Africa Company. 17 This is where the issue of slavery rose to ultimate prominence. In early October 1888, Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and prime architect of the German colonial movement, suggested to Bismarck that he utilise the anti-slavery movement for foreign and domestic politics alike.
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As a result, the geopolitical clamor in the newspaper about "Arabs" and Islam reflected the increase of anti-colonial activism16 and the realization that German efforts in East Africa would need a compelling story to overthrow the incumbent authorities there. This didn't significantly change Bismarck's mind, who continued to oppose military support for the German East Africa Company despite the East African insurrection.17 The topic of slavery attained its highest level of importance at this point. Early in October 1888, Bismarck was advised to use the anti-slavery campaign for both home and foreign politics by Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and the principal architect of the German colonial effort.
  • preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
     
    Slave trafficking
mtshiza221192212

9781107001343_frontmatter.pdf - 1 views

Phozisa Mtshiza

shared by mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • kinship, “b
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Blood relationship
  • into a broader examination of slavery as an institution.
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      slavery was looked at as an organization founded for a religious or social purpose.
  • galitarian.
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • gleefully
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      in an exuberantly or triumphantly joyful manner.
  • cowrie
    • mtshiza221192212
      mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a marine mollusc which has a glossy, brighthly patterned domed shell with a long, narrow opening
  • mtshiza221192212 on 26 Apr 23
     
    this is a history of slavery and the slave trade in Africa, the article covers from ancient civilization to the modern Era, the article explores different forms of slavery and the various factors that led to the rise and fall of slavery. the author analyzes the impact of European colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade on the African continent as well as the role of internal slavery in African societies. the article also explores economic, cultural, and political factors that influenced the development of slavery in Africa
  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    Good journal article but not from the required source.
chantesolomonstatum

10.4324_9781315206714-1_chapterpdf.pdf - 3 views

Chante Solomons History 2A

shared by chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Over the next four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many Africans were shipped across that ocean from their ancestral continents. Recent historiography has sought to understand these human flows both more precisely and more interactively
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      Over the past four centuries millions of Europeans and three times as many African slaves were taken from their ancestral continents and were shipped across the oceans.
  • While the creation of the early modern European Atlantic long received most attention, there has been a burst of interest in the African Atlantic that dominated transatlantic migrations for nearly two centuries after the 1630’s.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The African Atlantic slave trade dominated due to the burst of interest in African slaves and the African Atlantic transatlantic migrations dominated for nearly two centuries.
  • The prevailing explanation has had recourse to predominantly economic motives and forces. The opening of the Atlantic invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism, whose beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force. 3 This model of untrammeled economic behavior has recently elicited a further question. Was African slavery was really the optimal source of labor for the rapid development of the Americas?
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The opening of the Atlantic trade invited the creation of a virtually unconstrained form of capitalism as the beneficiaries purchased human chattels from Africa as their labor force this created an economic boost for the beneficiaries who purchased African slaves for labor purposes.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • European freedom at home was thus the prerequisite for Europeandirected slavery abroad. They could take fullest advantage of the opportunity to combine newly available New World lands with a new and more intensive system of coerced labor. Unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa, Europeans tapped into the existing system of African social relations to produce crops more cheaply in the Americas, and to deliver them more cheaply and massively to Europe, than ever before.
    • chantesolomonstatum
      chantesolomonstatum on 25 Apr 23
       
      The European slave market or demand for slaves could not compete with Africa. The Europeans were unable to dominate or even penetrate beyond the coastal lands of tropical Africa they decided to tap into the existing system of African social relations where they would produce crops for cheaper prices.
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    This article has no source. Where did you retrieve it from?
feziwesithole

The East African slave trade | The East Indies | The Places Involved | Slavery Routes |... - 4 views

www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/...east-african-slave-trade

Feziwe Sithole

shared by feziwesithole on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In the transatlantic slave trade the demand was for labourers to work on plantations and in mines, and mostly men were captured to supply the demand
  • Slaves taken to the Middle East and North Africa were not just from Africa. Until about 1500, slaves were also bought from northern Europe, but as this supply route dried up the numbers bought from Africa increased.
  • In the eastern slave trade enslaved Africans were taken from the east coast of Africa (the modern countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and the island of Madagascar). They also came from the Savannah area (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). Slaves were sold to merchants from North Africa and the Middle East. The women slaves in this trade often married their masters, or had children by them and the children were often freed by their fathers. Over time, the enslaved Africans tended to become part of the local population.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • There are no records for the number of enslaved Africans sold before the 17th century from the Savannah area of Africa (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). It is estimated that in the 17th century, about 10,000 slaves per year were sold to North Africa and the Middle East. There was a large domestic slave population in this area and slavery was an accepted form of labour amongst the rulers of the different kingdoms.
  • The numbers of enslaved Africans sold to these areas increased in the late 18th century. This was because French merchants bought slaves from East Africa for the growing sugar plantations on the French owned islands in the Indian Ocean.
seeranefm

King Charles backs probe into UK monarchy's slavery links | Life - 0 views

www.news24.com/...narchys-slavery-links-20230406

seeranefm_' 220111934 Newspaper article

shared by seeranefm on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • seeranefm on 21 Apr 23
     
    News24 article linking King James II as the biggest investor in the Royal African Company gave the biggest head start to the horrific Transatlantic slave trade. Outlines the royal family issues with accusations of racism toward princess Megan
nokubonga1219

The Indian Ocean in Transatlantic Slavery.pdf - 1 views

Nokubonga Masuku

shared by nokubonga1219 on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Voyages
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      voyages are long journeys that involves travelling by sea or by in space ( in this content it will be by sea because slaves were transported by through the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Given the lack of source material for slave trading in the ocean, scholars have been forced to focus on the carrying capacity of the trade from specific regions throughout the Indian Ocean. These numbers are based primarily on nineteenth-century British abolitionist observations estimating the overall size of regional trade. 6
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      since there was lack of source material for slave trading in the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, scholars were forced to focus on carrying a measured volume of the trade from different places pass the Indian Ocean .
  • Despite the connections between the two trades, one within the Indian Ocean and the other in the Atlantic, we must be constantly aware of the major differences between the two, most notably that both European and non-European slave-owning societies throughout the Indian Ocean region relied upon slaves from Asia, not upon those from Southeast Africa.
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      even though the two trades had connections which was within the Indian Ocean and others in the Atlantic Ocean, there were major differences, particularly the European and non-European slave owners in the Indian Ocean part depended mostly upon slaves from Asia and not those from Southeast Africa.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Second, given the local exchanges operating around the Mozambique Channel and within East Africa, we cannot be entirely sure of the origins of slaves within the region.
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Given the local exchange operating around Mozambique and East of Africa it is not clearly were slave trade started within this regions..
  • venture. The first slaves entering the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean were probably taken to St Helena by English East India Company vessels.
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the first slaves that entered the Atlantic were taken to St Helena by English East India company vessels .
  • Figure 1. Captives carried off from Southeast Africa for the Americas by decade, 1624–1860. Source: Voyages, http://www.slavevoyages.org(accessed July 24, 2012).
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      below is a graph showing the time profile departure of almost 543 000 people who it was estimated that they had embarked o slave vessels i Southeast Africa for Americans in the years between 1624 and 1860.
  • The French also frequently conflated slaves from the Swahili coast with those from elsewhere in East Africa. 15 This confusion further complicates our understanding of the traffic from the Mascarene Islands to the Americas. Finally, given the relatively little research on the slave
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      France also rapidly mixed-up slaves from the Swahili coast with those from other places in the East of Africa .
  • For centuries, dhows had carried small numbers of slaves from many sources to a variety of markets all around the Indian Ocean. By the nineteenth century, these
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      small numbers of slaves were carried by dhow to different markets around the Indian Ocean.
  • Northeast Africa sent no slaves to the Americas. Madagascar was briefly important in the seventeenth century, as the numbers leaving the island for the Americas amounted to an estimated one-fifth of the relative few slaves traded in the Indian Ocean in that early period
    • nokubonga1219
      nokubonga1219 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Northeast Africa did not send slaves to the Americas
giftadelowotan

As the world shuns 'slavery', is Tanzania emancipated? | The Citizen - 6 views

www.thecitizen.co.tz/...-tanzania-emancipated--4010812

Gift Adelowotan 222019170 History 2A

shared by giftadelowotan on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In history, the transatlantic slave trade was outlawed in 1807
  • However, slavery still walks with shoulders high in its multiple faces.
  • Zanzibar slave markets
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • there are still estimated 50 million people across the world in slavery today, forced to work for little or no pay, trafficked with deceptive promises of jobs, relationships, and greener pastures only to find themselves trapped in lions’ dens, forced to sell their bodies for sex, working as drugs transporter bags, having their body organs ‘stolen’ and sold, debt bondages, and many other debasing and inhuman activities.
    • giftadelowotan
      giftadelowotan on 25 Apr 23
       
      Modern day slavery. This essentially means that only slave trade was abolished not slavery
  • Reflecting on the situation in Tanzania, both slavery aftermaths and modern slavery still haunt our society. Modern forms of slavery can be witnessed in factories, farms, small businesses and side hustles, due to inexistence of effective labour protection policies and regulations.
    • giftadelowotan
      giftadelowotan on 25 Apr 23
       
      An example of how slavery still finds its way into today's world despite being "abolished" in relation to the Tanzanian society
  • There are also incidences whereby young girls have been transported from neighbouring countries like Malawi and Zambia for the same.
    • giftadelowotan
      giftadelowotan on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mirrors how slaves where transported for labour back then.
  • The historical bigger picture of slavery is that of foreign nationals with guns in our country, but deep within our communities, slavery in its modern forms is rampant and has mature roots.
Thandeka TSHABALALA

Full article: The Indian Ocean in Transatlantic Slavery - 4 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0144039X.2012.734112

Thandeka Constance Tshabalala 220124101

shared by Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    This source is also not shared correctly. It only shows the page preview.
ntswaki

The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s - 1 views

''Ntswaki221077102'' History 2A

shared by ntswaki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In 1888 Cardinal Lavigerie, the Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage, launched his ‘anti-slavery crusade’. Drawing attention to slave raids in Africa and to the East African slave trade, this initiative resulted in the foundation of several new antislavery associations.
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      this journal focuses on the final two decades of the nineteenth century and the period in which the transatlantic slave trade had all but ceased, with Cuba (1880/86) and Brazil (1888) being the last parts of the Americas where slavery was abolished
  • nti-slavery; empire; internationalism; humanitarianism; transnational history; civilising mission
    • ntswaki
      ntswaki on 26 Apr 23
       
      it also gives full understanding on the issue of anti-slavery and civilising mission on this on this journal we come to understand the full history of anti-slavery, my point of choosing this journal it was to make sure that i come to understnad more about the other sides of slaves and the full history of slavery not looking only on the zanzibar topic
andilemazibuko

The abolition of the slave trade in Britain - The transatlantic slave trade - KS3 Histo... - 1 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...zn7rbqt

Andile Sinenhlanhla Mazibuko 222153584

shared by andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Olaudah Equiano
  • Robert King.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sold into slavery at the age of 11. His master later renamed him Gustavus Vassa.
  • By 1766, Equiano had raised enough money and was released
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a prominent merchant born in Philadelphia.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • became vocal in the abolition campaign, befriending other formerly enslaved Black Britons and forming a group called the Sons of Africa
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Olaudah Equiano wanted to be free so badly that he worked hard and was resilient enough to save whatever money he got in order to buy his freedom from his last master, Robert King.
  • played a key role in the abolitionist movement.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      When he was free, he strived to free other enslaved people. Because of his experience as a slave, he was a perfect advocate for the abolition campaign and other slaves and Africans could relate to him. He did not think of himself only, but wanted everybody to be fre.
  • In 1789, Equiano published his autobiography, sharing his experiences of enslavement.
    • andilemazibuko
      andilemazibuko on 26 Apr 23
       
      Movements can be defined as groups of individuals who share the common ideas about what they understand is of great significance.
makenete

The Tensions of Internationalism: Transnational Anti-Slavery in the 1880s and 1890s.pdf - 1 views

Mbali Makenete

shared by makenete on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Daniel Laqua*
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      Daniel Laqua is Associate Professor of European History at Northumbria University in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. he explores the dynamics and tensions of transnational activism, his work covers a variety of international movements and organisations.
  • boundaries. It has been argued that anti-slavery boasted features of a 'transnational advocacy network' early on, as exemplified by the links between British and US abolitionists from the late eighteenth century o
  • Transnational ambitions featured explicitly in the remit of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) which, one year after its foundation in 18
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) which, one year after its foundation in
  • Kevin Grant, Philippa Levine, and Frank Trentmann
  • the transatlantic slave trade had all but ceased, with Cuba (1880/86) and Brazil (1888)
  • Diplomatic measures resulted in the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference of 1889-90, whose General Act contained legal provisions for the suppression of the slave trade in its countries of origin, as well as measures against the maritime slave trade and against the trade in spirits and firear
  • The anti-slavery campaigns of the late nineteenth century coincided with the era of 'high' or 'new' imperialism, raising important questions about the relationship between humanitarian activism and European expansion in Africa.
  • : Kevin Grant's study of the 'new slaveries' has explored the relation between British humanitarianism, transnational co-operation, and the promotion of a 'civilising missio
  • malia Ribi has located the anti-slavery activism of the inter-war period within a timeframe that stretches back to the nineteenth century.1
  • zanne Miers has discussed the broader context of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference and has traced the changing debates around slavery as an 'international issue'.1
  • nti-slavery internationalism
    • makenete
      makenete on 25 Apr 23
       
      slavery helped share views of religion. slavery expanded religions that were dominating at the time. slaves were forced into accepting some religion practices because of who had enslaved them.
  • development of the 'mechanics of internationalism' from the mid-nineteenth century constituted a second factor: an increase in international congresses and periodicals provided activists with an emerging 'movement repertoire'.16 T
  • July to December 1888, he addressed the African slave trade in a series of public lectures at churches in Brussels, Paris, and Rome as well as Prince's Hall in London.
  • Cardinal's campaign was connected to his work with the White Fathers, a missionary society he had founded in 1868.
Oreneile Maribatze

History Never Repeats? Imports, Impact and Control of Small Arms in Africa.pdf - 2 views

Maribatze Oreneile History 2A

shared by Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Between the 15th and 19th centuries the transatlantic slave trade pulled Africa into a global military and economic context, mainly through the imports of European firearms to Africa in exchange for slaves.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the batter trade happened for over 5 centuries whereby European countries would supply African chiefdoms with all the guns that were in demand in exchange of slaves that would be of cheap labor on their sugar and cotton plantations
  • trade which involved Britain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Denmark and the USA
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      countries that participated strongly on slave trade and in return provided ammunitions to nations in the name of protection and defence
  • West African states, from Angola to Senegal, on the other hand, accounted for the forced trade estimated at 12 million or more African
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      These were the African countries that were forced using guns to participate in selling their own to the trans Saharan trade
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • Firearms and gunpowder had originated in China and spread throughout Eurasia before reaching Africa.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africa came in late in the production of firearms and gunpowder
  • Some evidence exists that Portuguese and Dutch traders brought firearms to coastal West Africa in the 15th to 17th centuries,
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the guns were also brought by the Portuguese and Dutch traders in the coastals
  • The differences in the development of missile weapons in Africa and Europe have largely been explained through the differences in military environments
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      The differences ofmanufacturing of guns between the two continents was very noticeable and was really big
  • the use of cavalry and armour in Europe but not in Africa is thought to have been an important factor. In much of Africa, the penetrating power of missile weapons was less important than, for example, accuracy. 8
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the difference that was there between the 2 continents
  • used in Africa by the Janissaries of the Ottoman army during the 16th century, and later found their way into West Africa across the Sahara from North Africa towards the end of that century. 4 A
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the first group to use guns in Africa were the Janissaries before the usage spread to other parts of the continent
  • 1661–63 the British Royal African Company alone shipped 4,038 firearms to the West African c
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      figures of the guns that were imported in two years
  • supplied closed to 100,000 firearms and other small arms to the West African coastal region. 12
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      other statistics that shows how much guns were in demand in Afica
  • The widespread trade in small arms, and their importance in many societies, led to the development of domestic maintenance of firearms. As a result of the large number of firearms for private use, many societies developed small-scale firearms repair and service industries made up by blacksmiths and gunsmith
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns opened new industries and opportunities for Africans
  • due to the falling prices on firearms in relation to the prices on slaves, African firearms imports increased very sharply in the 18th century.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      firearms were a great commodity to trade
  • fricans received two guns for every slave; in 1718 they received between 24 and 32 guns for every slave
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the growth of the trade over the years and funny how chiefdoms sold their people just to have guns in their possession . they didnt realize consequences such as population depletion and that if war came no one would be there to fight
  • at the turn at the 19th century Africa’s interaction with Europe was dominated by the slave trade. This was the principle means of exchange whereby European imports and technologies entered Africa and firearms constituted a large proportion of these imports.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the African chiefdoms had a relationship built on the batter trade of slaves and guns
  • Scholars have debated what kind of impact, or to what extent, firearms imports affected Africa during the slave trade centuries. The demographic impact of the slave trade was undisputedly substantial, even though determining the exact scope has been subjected to great debates. 22 In 1750, Africa had 6–11 per cent of the world’s population. By 1900 it had fallen to 5–7 per cent. 23 Besides the large demographic impact, the trade for slaves had a more socially disruptive impact than the trade for the same value of commodities, as slaves were more likely to be acquired by force or theft
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      This trade was very detrimental to the population of Africa as it declined a lot as long as Africans were being taken to be slaves
  • Firearms were easily deployed in the new structures – they required little skills to use compared to other missile weapons, which facilitated quick training of a central army. 26
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Were put in use as they were more effective and not much training was needed
  • firearms supplied by Portuguese and Arab-Swahili traffickers in exchange for slaves and ivory were central to the state of Lumpungu (in today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) in conquering surrounding chiefdoms and create a centralized state structure, in the third quarter of the 19th century. 32
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Guns were of great importance to the state as they were used to conquer other weak chiefdoms nearby
  • The coming of firearms [in the mid-19th century] plunged Central Africa into a cycle of unprecedented violence, causing a large amount of victims, but also causing some to flee their territory’. 3
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns didnt benefit the nations always as they caused a lot of chaos and there were many civilian casualities
  • given the firearms role in the production of slaves and ivory. 35 Guns were instrumental in slave raids and in the hunting of elephants at a large scale. Ivory was used to buy both slaves and weapons, and was used for tributes to foreign traders to create partnerships and alliances. The ivory trade ‘consolidated the economic and military power of those who had access to guns – or who worked in alliance with those with gun
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Some of the advantages of guns relate to ivory trade and slave trade that made many kingdoms really powerful
  • Most weapons imported at that time were handguns, typically smoothbore, muzzleloading, flintlock muskets. 1
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      the type of guns that were imported to Africa in large quantities and actually had a large impact, all these for the need of cheap labour
  • A few military historians have argued that the weapons imported during the slave trade were not suitable for military use, including slave raiding. 46 Rather, it has been argued that, the weapons were used for non-military means, such as guarding crops.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      The guns attained from European traders were used for non-military activities such as agriculure. this includes hunting and guarding crops
  • Firearms became a symbol of wealth and prestige in the Songye village society. 47
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      guns were a symbol of influece, power and status in many societies
  • During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, firearms spread deeper into the lands behind the coast. This gradual dispersion of guns coincided with the rise and consolidation of expansionist states like Akwamu, Denkyira, Asante and Dahomey, whose military prowess was based on the firearm ... . The bulk of the firearms taken into Asante and Dahomey was not carried further afield, because both states imposed restrictions on the distribution of guns in the lands to their north. 52
  • Officially, the Portuguese were forbidden to sell firearms to non-Christians, ostensibly on politico-religious grounds, but more credibly because, during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portugal was largely dependent on Flemish and German gunsmiths for its supply of firearms. 56
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      only those who did not believe in Christianity attained these guns
  • Firearms were well spread in East Africa in the second half of the 19th centu
  • According to primary data, Italy and France made very large profits from supplying weapons to different Ethiopian kingdoms through their protectorates
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Africa buying guns drastically boosted the economies of both Italy and France
  • By the early 1880s, almost all soldiers in Ethiopia carried firearms. 75 The literature illustrates how large-scale small arms imports were made available through international trade and alliances between foreign representatives and national and regional rulers. Merchants and transit points were also evident phenomenon of small arms trade at the time.
    • Oreneile Maribatze
      Oreneile Maribatze on 26 Apr 23
       
      Countries like Ethiopia demanded guns in large quantities and had an equipped army of soldiers that could use guns effectively
manelisisimelane

Geography and Travels.pdf - 1 views

manelisi arlindo simelane History2A

shared by manelisisimelane on 28 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • TIiE SLAVE TRADE IN CENTRAL AFRI
    • manelisisimelane
      manelisisimelane on 28 Apr 23
       
      Central Africa, region of Africa that straddles the Equator and is drained largely by the Congo River system. It comprises, according to common definitions, the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville), the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa); Gabon is usually included along with the Central African Republic .
  • Huge caravans
    • manelisisimelane
      manelisisimelane on 28 Apr 23
       
      Traders moved their goods across the Sahara in large groups called caravans. Camels were the main mode of transportation and were used to carry goods and people. The camel was the most important part of the caravan.
  • Dr. Schweinfurth estimated that 2000 traders were annually obtaining i5,000 slaves from one set of tribes alone
    • manelisisimelane
      manelisisimelane on 28 Apr 23
       
      how many people were taken before the end of slavery? For over 400 years, more than 15 million men, women and children were the victims of the tragic transatlantic slave trade, one of the darkest chapters in human history.
Thandeka TSHABALALA

The African slave trade. on JSTOR - 2 views

www.jstor.org/...60212037

Thandeka Constance Tshabalala 220124101

shared by Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      The African slave trade was a period of time in which millions of Africans were forcibly taken from their homes and sold into slavery in the Americas, Europe, and other parts of the world. The slave trade was driven by economic, political, and social factors, and was one of the most significant events in human history.
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      It is important to note that the transatlantic slave trade was largely driven by European colonial powers and slave traders, who were responsible for the vast majority of the atrocities committed during the trade. However, it is also true that there were instances of African leaders and traders participating in the slave trade, either by raiding neighboring communities for captives or by selling captives to European traders.
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      These instances, however, were not representative of African societies as a whole, and it is important to understand the historical and cultural context of the time. Many African societies had their own forms of slavery, which were often based on debt or other forms of social status and did not involve the brutal exploitation and violence that characterized
  • ...3 more annotations...
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      It is also important to continue to study and understand the legacies of slavery and colonialism, both in Africa and in the Americas, in order to work towards a more just and equitable world.
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      The African slave trade had a profound impact on the social, economic, and political landscape of Africa and the Americas
    • Thandeka TSHABALALA
      Thandeka TSHABALALA on 25 Apr 23
       
      It contributed to the growth of the global economy, the development of the Americas, and the rise of the European powers that engaged in the trade. At the same time, it also led to the brutal exploitation of millions of human beings and the destruction of African societies and cultures
  • cinderellaochu on 06 May 23
     
    Also not shared properly.
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