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Contents contributed and discussions participated by preciousbosiki29

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gale pdf.pdf - 0 views

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Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

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    gale pdf
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The End of Slavery in Zanzibar and British East Africa.pdf - 1 views

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Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

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  • THE long crusade against Slavery in the Sultan of Zanzibar's dominions, which has been brought to a successful issue by the recent promulgation of the Decree dated the 9th June last, may be divided into two periods. In the first place, there was the series of attacks directed against the Slave Trade, that is to say, the seizure and transport of raw slaves from the African mainland into Zanzibar and from Zanzibar to Arabia, and, in the second place, there are the steps more recently taken in connection with the institution of domestic slavery. The existence of a traffic in human beings was, of course, directly due to the demand for domestic slaves in Mohammedan countries on the Coast and elsewhere, and, if means could have been found to check the demand, the supply would naturally have ceased. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, the institution of domestic slavery, sanctioned, as it is, by the writings of the Prophet and by the Law of Islam, was far too firmly established in the Zanzibar dominions to be open to direct attacks from outside. It was only, therefore, by
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The protracted campaign against slavery in the lands of the Sultan of Zanzibar, which was recently brought to a successful conclusion by the promulgation of the Decree dated June 9, last, may be divided into two periods. First, there were the attacks on the slave trade, which included the capture and transportation of enslaved people from the African mainland to Zanzibar and from Zanzibar to Arabia, and second, there have been more recent actions related to the institution of domestic slavery. The desire for domestic slaves in Moham- medan countries on the Coast and elsewhere was, of course, the primary driver of the formation of a human trafficking industry.
  • Very little advance could be made towards closing the sources from which raw slaves were supplied so long as Mohammedan influence was still paramount on the Coast, and the slave-dealers could count on the active co-operation of the Arab authorities, and it was not until the "partition of Africa had taken definite shape that a death-blow could be struck at this inhuman traffic. The first step in this direction was the incorporation of the Imperial British East Africa Company in i888, which was quickly followed by the transfer of a large portion of the Zanzibar mainland dominions to the German Government, by the establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda, and by the extension of European administration throughout the central regions of the African Continent. With these forces at work the Slave Trade was doomed, and in a very few years it had altogether ceased to exist. In the meanwhile the British Navy had been working hard to check the transport of raw slaves from the mainland to Zanzibar and th
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As long as Mohammedan influence was still dominant on the Coast and the slave-dealers could rely on the active cooperation of the Arab authorities, very little progress could be made toward closing the sources from which raw slaves were supplied. It was not until the "partition of Africa" had taken definite shape that a death-blow could be struck at this inhuman traffic. The Imperial British East Africa Company's incorporation in 1888 was the first step in this direction. Soon after, the German government was given control of a sizable portion of Zanzibar's mainland dominions, a British Protectorate was established in Uganda, and European rule was expanded to include the continent's central regions.
  • wners, was declared to be illegal. In 1889 Seyyid Khalifa bin Said granted to England and Germany a perpetual right of search over all local dhows in Zanzibar territorial waters. It was at the same time ordained that all persons entering the Sultan's dominions after the Ist day of November, 1889, and all children born therein after the Ist January, 189o, should be free. A year later Seyyid Ali bin Said signed a Decree of which the principal provisions were as follows: all exchange, sale or purchase of slaves, domestic or otherwise, was prohibited; only the lawful children of a slave-owner could inherit his slaves at his death, such slaves otherwise becoming free; any persons found ill-treating a slave or in possession of raw slaves was made liable to severe punishment, and, in flagrant cases, to the forfeiture of all his slaves; freed slaves were debarred from holding slaves themselves; freed slaves were given the right of prosecuting claims or complaints in the local Courts; and every s
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      England and Germany were given a perpetual right of search over all local dhows in the territorial waters of Zanzibar by Seyyid Khalifa bin Said in 1889. At the same time, it was decreed that everyone entering the Sultan's domains after November 1, 1889, and everyone having a child there after January 1, 1890, should be free. A year later, Seyyid Ali bin Said signed a decree with the following main clauses: no domestic or foreign exchange, sale, or purchase of slaves was permitted; only a slave-owner's legal children could inherit their father's slaves at his death; otherwise, slaves became free; anyone found abusing a slave or in possession of raw slaves was subject to harsh punishment.
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    slave trafficking
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Strategic tangles: Slavery, colonial policy, and religion in German East Africa, 1885-1... - 1 views

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Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

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  • Slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were quite distinct from their West African and transatlantic counterparts. In East Africa, the translocal slave trade did not emerge until the late eighteenth century and grew throughout the nineteenth century, fuelled by the expansion of ivory hunting and the caravan economy into the hinterland, as well as by the labour demands of Zanzibar’s booming clove plantations. When the clove market declined in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to end slave exports in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decrease, but was now driven by the demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the acquisitions by wealthy households along the caravan routes. 1 In the 1860s, European missionaries began to discover East African slavery as a rallying cause, most notably the Universities’
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      In comparison to West Africa and the transatlantic slave trade, slavery and the slave trade in East Africa were considerably different. The translocal slave trade did not start in East Africa until the late eighteenth century, and it developed during the nineteenth century thanks to the growth of the caravan economy and the extension of the ivory trade into the hinterland, as well as the labor needs of the thriving clove plantations in Zanzibar. When the demand for cloves decreased in the 1870s and the British forced the Zanzibari sultan to stop exporting slaves in 1873, the slave trade in Tanganyika did not decline; instead, it was now fueled by demand from coconut and sugar plantations along the coast as well as the purchases of affluent families along the caravan routes.1 Around 1860, European.
  • Initially, slavery and the slave trade were of no concern to the German colonial acquisitions. Carl Peters, the infamous pioneer of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company sought to lay the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist ideology, and had no interest in the humanitarian rhetoric of their abolitionist contemporaries. Instead, the Company pondered various measures of how to “raise the Negro to plantation work,” and its schemes for labour coercion soon provoked the criticism that the Company was itself practising a form of slavery. 6 Likewise, on the side of Imperial politics, there was no incentive to get involved in the fight against slavery and the slave trade. Bismarck’s charter policy only allowed for political interference as far as German trade interests were concerned and did not make room for larger geopolitical narratives of “civilisation.” When in 1885 the German consul in Zanzibar, Gerhard Rohlfs, suggested to use the German corvette “Gneisenau” for disrupting the slave trade as a way of bolstering German authority in the region, Bismarck famously replied: “[...] the slaves are none of your business. You are to strive for friendship and transit. ” 7 Similarly, a judicial expertise by the Foreign Office concluded a few months later that subjects in the territories of the German East Africa Company could not be seen as German citizens and thereby could not claim a constitutional right of freedom from slavery. 8 All of this drastically changed in 1888, when the Sultan of Zanzibar leased the coastal strip of Tan
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Initially, the German colonial acquisitions had no concern about slavery or the slave trade. Carl Peters, the infamous forerunner of German acquisitions in East Africa, and his German East Africa Company showed no interest in the altruistic rhetoric of their abolitionist predecessors and instead wanted to build the economic and political foundations for their nationalist expansionist philosophy. Instead, the Company considered other ways to "raise the Negro to plantation work," and its plans for forced labor quickly sparked accusations that the Company was actually engaging in slavery.6 Similarly, there was no reason for Imperial politics to get engaged in the struggle against slavery and the slave trade. The charter philosophy of Bismarck only permitted political involvement .
  • Therefore, the newspaper’s geopolitical clamour about “Arabs” and Islam reflected the rise of colonial activism, 16 as well as the realisation that the German endeavours in East Africa would require a powerful narrative for replacing the current rulers there. However, this did little to sway Bismarck’s opinion, who even after the East African uprising was opposed to military aid for the German East Africa Company. 17 This is where the issue of slavery rose to ultimate prominence. In early October 1888, Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and prime architect of the German colonial movement, suggested to Bismarck that he utilise the anti-slavery movement for foreign and domestic politics alike.
    • preciousbosiki29
      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      As a result, the geopolitical clamor in the newspaper about "Arabs" and Islam reflected the increase of anti-colonial activism16 and the realization that German efforts in East Africa would need a compelling story to overthrow the incumbent authorities there. This didn't significantly change Bismarck's mind, who continued to oppose military support for the German East Africa Company despite the East African insurrection.17 The topic of slavery attained its highest level of importance at this point. Early in October 1888, Bismarck was advised to use the anti-slavery campaign for both home and foreign politics by Friedrich Fabri, the former Lead Inspector of the Rhenish Missionary Society and the principal architect of the German colonial effort.
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    Slave trafficking
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slavery in east africa - 1 views

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Precious Nontokozo Bosiki

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  • e last permanent slave market in East Africa was in Zanzibar (T anzania) and was closed in1873
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      preciousbosiki29 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The end of slavery in zanzibar.
  • Slave trading continued in East Africa until the1880s. Captives were taken from a vast area, extending south of Lake Nyasa (now Malawi) west of LakeT anganyika (now DR Congo) and north of LakeVictoria (now Uganda). By the1850s there were up to 70,000 slaves in Zanzibar. All ethnicities and creeds participated in the trade
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