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Stretching, the primary treatment for acute EAMC

National Athletic Trainers’ Association recommends that athletes prone to muscle cramping add 0.3 to 0.7 g/L of salt to their drinks to stave off muscle cramps

Others have recommended adding higher amounts of sodium (about 3.0 to 6.0 g/L) to sports drinks based on the frequency of EAMC

intravenous infusion of fluids removes this delay, and it has been used to aid athletes who develop acute EAMC

maintaining hydration and adequate electrolyte levels is a good prevention strategy for individuals susceptible to EAMC

Fluid volumes of 1.8 L per hour have been well tolerated by tennis athletes who are susceptible to EAMC

Monitoring an athlete’s body weight is an easy method of ensuring adequate fluid replacement and individualizes each athlete’s fluid needs

the National Athletic Trainers’ Association and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend a volume of fluid that allows for less than a 2% body weight reduction

Endurance training may also serve as an effective means of preventing EAMC by expanding plasma volume and the extracellular fluid compartment15 and delaying neuromuscular fatigue

Vitamin C is cost effective and appears to be a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for specific pain relief

it decreases the requirement for opioid analgesics, particularly post surgically and for bone metastasis

recent research has indicated a positive impact of high dose vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related quality of life, including pain

Cameron and Campbell [81] reported a number of cases of dramatic to complete amelioration of bone pain in patients with severe cancer-related pain given both high dose oral and intravenous vitamin C

hypovitaminosis C (defined as plasma vitamin C concentrations <23 µmol/L

The technique is valuable for predicting the prognosis of patients with recurrent breast cancer and for determining and predicting the outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy

FDG-PET/CT is useful not only for evaluating metastasis but also for predicting the prognosis of recurrent breast cancer and measuring treatment effects

reports remain limited to small-scale clinical trials of about 100 patients.

MaxSUV, which is the most popular FDG-PET/CT value, can vary up to 30 % because of differences among PET/CT devices and among the operators who create the images

the degree of malignancy would increase with an increase in maxSUV when ER or HER-2 signaling is involved.

Factors that determine the rate of cancer progression include T-factor (tumor diameter) and N-factor (presence or absence/number of lymph node metastasis)

The prognostic factors applied in breast cancer can be broadly divided into those that determine staging and those that determine biological tumor characteristics

Prognosis was previously predicted based on T, N, and M staging, which indicates the degree of progression. However, prognosis is now predicted and treatment regimes are presently selected by also considering ER and HER-2 levels, which determine the nature of the tumor

maxSUV presently serves as an indicator of metabolic activity during cancer therapy. For instance, the maxSUV of primary lung and hematological cancer lesions correlates with metastasis and prognosis, whereas maxSUV also seems useful for predicting the prognosis of recurrent breast cancer and in determining and predicting the outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy

The maxSUV cut-off calculated from ROC curves for recurrence was 3.0

Factors that determine the nature of tumors also include ER, HER-2, Ki-67 labeling index, and nuclear grade

both ER status and maxSUV as independent prognostic factors

maxSUV has a closer correlation with prognosis

maxSUV, clinical T-factor and ER were significant prognostic factors

Our results showed that maxSUV has the potential to be a novel prognostic factor and that it can be used to determine future therapies

second rise in plasma levels (mostly occurring between 6 and 12 h after the dose) suggesting an enterohepatic recycling of the drug

Ivermectin is exceptionally potent, with effective dosages levels that are unusually low.

the optimal dose of ivermectin is 150 μg/kg, but the frequency of administration is still controversial, ranging from 150 μg/kg once to three times yearly.

high lipid solubility of ivermectin, this compound is widely distributed within the body.

To interrupt the transmission of onchocerciasis in humans, the combination of ivermectin and doxycycline is highly effective as, in infested patients, the ingestion of the anthelmintic (200 μg/kg, single dose) and the antibacterial (100 mg/kg, daily for 6 weeks)

ivermectin interactions with another concurrently administered drugs can occur.

This issue becames important, as combination chemotherapy is being used with increasing frequency as resistance to antiparasitic agents is becoming more widespread.

haematomatous swellings

prothrombin times were significantly above baseline by one week to one month after drug ingestion, suggesting an antagonist effect against vitamin K

bleeding disorders were not found in 15,000 patients treated with ivermectin (150 μg/kg)

prolonged prothrombin ratios were observed in 148 subjects given ivermectin orally. Although no patients suffered bleeding complications, factor II and VII levels were reduced in most of them, suggesting interference with vitamin K metabolism

Ivermectin has a minimal effect on coagulation and concern about mass treatment for this reason appears to be unjustified

The utilization of PET/CT to assess response to therapy is increasing in the US related, in part, to the creation and subsequent favorable results of the National Oncologic PET Registry (NOPR)

Changes in size as a result of therapy may take many months to develop and any opportunity to make early decisions about therapy success or failure is often unduly delayed or lost altogether

measures of changes in metabolic activity via FDG PET/CT can provide an alternate approach to assess response to therapy -- often very early in the course of treatment

Current recommendations are that tumor SUVs should be reported

The true tracer uptake in a patient is composed of two components: the first being the amount of tracer uptake (e.g. FDG) associated with the disease status (the signal of interest), which can be modified by the biophysiological status of the patient. One of the more important patient parameters is the blood glucose level, which has been shown to inversely-linearly affect SUVs

A prospective study by Crippa et al.30 in eight patients showed that as blood glucose levels were increased from 92.4 ±10.2 to 158 ± 13.8 mg/100 ml by glucose loading, the average SUV of 20 liver metastases decreased from 9.4 ± 5.7 to 4.3 ± 8.3

chemotherapy can result in impaired renal function, significantly reducing the clearance of plasma FDG through the kidney and thus increasing tumor SUV relative to an initial PET scan

The second component of the true tracer uptake is biological variability

The biological variability has been estimated in several test-retest studies7,32–35 at approximately 10% for scans repeated within a few days