The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have an anorexigenic action and, when activated, reduce food intake through the release of two peptides, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcripts (CART). The neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, on the other hand, release NPY hormone and agouti gene-related protein (AgRP), which prevent the binding of α-MSH to MC3R and MC4R, increasing food intake
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High-protein and high-carbohydrate breakfasts differentially change the transcriptome o... - 0 views
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A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding : Abstract : Nature - 0 views
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ghrelin plays central role in positive energy balance. Ghrelin is produced from stomach to increase appetite prior to eating and then decreases post meal to provide satiety. In some, the post meal ghrelin remains elevated and thus overeating ensues. Important point, is that low ghrelin has been shown to lead to insulin resistance.
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ScienceDirect.com - Cell Metabolism - Estrogen Receptors and the Metabolic Network - 0 views
www.sciencedirect.com/...S1550413111003123
ER-alpha ER-beta estrogen receptor receptors metabolic syndrome MetS hormone hormones
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The main hypothalamic areas involved in food intake and satiety are the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH)
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Leptin is a potent anorexigenic and catabolic hormone secreted by adipose cells that reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure
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E2 not only modulates leptin receptor mRNA in the ARC and VMH, but also increases hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin, altering peripheral fat distribution
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ghrelin. It acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR1a) located in the ARC and is a potent stimulator of food intake
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It thus appears that of the two ERs, ERα plays a predominant role in the CNS regulation of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.
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Stimulation of MCH neurons increases food intake and fat accumulation while its inhibition leads to decreased food intake and reduced fat accumulation.
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The PVN is the region of the hypothalamus with the highest expression of ERβ and is reported to be weakly ERα positive
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GLUT4 is highly expressed in muscle and represents a rate-limiting step in the insulin-induced glucose uptake
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data suggest that in the physiological range, E2 is beneficial for insulin sensitivity, whereas hypo- or hyperestrogenism is related to insulin resistance
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In aging female rats, E2 treatment improves glucose homeostasis mainly through its ability to increase muscle GLUT4 content on the cell membrane
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It is evident that ERα and ERβ have distinct actions and that much more research is needed to clearly identify the function of each receptor in muscle.
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E2 prevents accumulation of visceral fat, increases central sensitivity to leptin, increases the expression of insulin receptors in adipocytes, and decreases the lipogenic activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue
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In rats, ovariectomy increases body weight, intra-abdominal fat, fasting glucose and insulin levels, and insulin resistance followed by decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and its substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue
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decreased adiponectin, PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and increased resistin
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Men with aromatase deficiency have truncal obesity, elevated blood lipids, and severe insulin resistance
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Although not all studies are in agreement, polymorphisms of ERα in humans have been associated with risk factors for CVDs
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Human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues express both ERα and ERβ, whereas only ERα mRNA has been identified in brown adipose tissue
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very nice article that looks at the balance of ER-alpha/ER-beta and their role in metabolic syndrome. This article discusses the balance of these receptors are tissue dependent in their effect. I like their conclusion: "...but these mechanisms will never be completely understood if they are not considered in the context of a whole system.
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The Ketogenic Diet and Sport: A Possible Marriage? : Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews - 0 views
journals.lww.com/..._and_Sport___A_Possible.8.aspx
nutrition diet ketogenic ketogenic diet sports athletes exercise sports medicine
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It is important to note that, although the blood level of glucose drops, it still remains at a physiological level (23), which is maintained through gluconeogenesis involving glucogenic amino acids and also glycerol released from triglycerides
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“physiological ketosis” where KB levels may rise to 7 to 8 mmol L-1 (but without any pH change). In “pathological diabetic ketoacidosis,” on the other hand, ketonemia can exceed 20 mmol L-1 and also cause lowering of blood pH
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in the initial phase of KD, about 16% of glucose comes from glycerol (released from triglyceride hydrolysis) and the bulk (60–65 g) from proteins via gluconeogenesis (proteins may be of either dietary or endogenous origin
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The importance of glycerol as a glucose source increases progressively during ketosis; in fact, glycerol passes from supplying 16% of total glucose to an average of 60% after many days (>7 d) of complete fasting (from 38% in lean individual to 79% in the obese).
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The possible reasons for the effectiveness of KD for weight loss may be listed as follows, in order of evidence, strongest first: Figure 3Image Tools 1. Appetite reduction: protein satiety, effects on appetite-related hormones such as ghrelin, and possibly a sort of direct appetite-blocking effect of KB 2. Reduced lipogenesis and increased fat oxidation 3. A reduction in respiratory quotient may indicate a greater metabolic efficiency in fat oxidation 4. A thermic effect of proteins and increased energy usage by gluconeogenesis
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all data regarding biochemical and molecular mechanisms suggest that it is very difficult to increase muscle mass during a KD; use of which really should be limited to the few days immediately before competition in bodybuilding.
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a long-term KD can interfere with some muscle hypertrophy mechanisms and this could be counterproductive if the aim of the athlete is to gain muscle mass
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International Journal of Obesity - Antiobesity action of peripheral exenatide (exendin-... - 0 views
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promote pancreatic -cell proliferation and islet cell neogenesis in both animal and in vitro studies