men with a high PSA velocity (rate of change of PSA level)—greater than 0.35 ng mL−1 y−1—should consider biopsy even if absolute level of PSA is very low.
like other authors, we found strong evidence for a univariate association between PSA velocity and positive biopsy
we also found that PSA velocity does not add important predictive value to PSA and other standard predictors; in other words, we did not find that the use of a PSA velocity criterion for biopsy would improve clinical decision making
This is the study that many have used to discredit psa velocity, but that is cherry picking the authors conclusions. The authors did find an association with a positive psa velocity and + prostate biopsy. Not useless, but useful in the right context.
ECHO-7 virus strain, Picornaviridae family, Enterovirus genus, Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan (ECHO) type 7, group IV, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
a few side effects were reported, for example subfebrile temperature (37.5°C for a couple of days), pain in the tumour area, sleepiness and diarrhoea
In this retrospective study, however, there was no record of any untoward side effect from Rigvir treatment or its discontinuation
Early observations of tumour regressions after virus infections have been published starting from the late 19th century
The present results show that in substage IB, IIA, IIB and IIC melanoma patients, Rigvir administration after surgery significantly (P<0.05) prolongs survival compared with patients who were managed according to current published guidelines
no value higher than grade 2 was recorded in Rigvir-treated patients. This is in contrast to most other cancer therapies, where grades 3 and 4 are frequently observed
Administration of virus induces the formation of neutralising antibodies that might potentially influence the efficiency of Rigvir
In 94 healthy adult participants tested, the titres were found to be low (1 : 20 to 1 : 62) 39,40. When tested in 155 adult cancer patients who had not been treated with Rigvir, neutralising antibodies against ECHO-7 were detected in ∼50% of the patients
the presence of ECHO-7 antibodies was shown to increase with age in children and level off to a plateau of around 75% in adults
Rigvir is an immunomodulator that affects both the humoral, antibody-mediated, and the cellular immune systems
neutralising antibodies do not affect efficacy when local or regional administration is used
it reduces the viability of melanoma, as well as pulmonary, gastric, pancreatic, bone, and breast cancer cell cultures
It is oncolytic in melanoma and rectum cancer patients
shown to improve the 5-year survival in rectum cancer patients
RIGVIR shown to improve survival against standard therapy in stage IB, IIA, IIB, and IIC in malignant melanoma patients in retrospective study. Side effects are minimal. Neutralizing antibodies are an area to watch that likely effects individual outcome beyond that of the type of cancer
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NS contains 154 mM Na+ and Cl-, with an average pH of 5.0 and osmolarity of 308 mOsm/L.
LR solution has an average pH of 6.5, is hypo-osmolar (272 mOsm/L), and has similar electrolytes (130 mM Na+, 109 mM Cl-, 28 mM lactate, etc.) to plasma
LR’s acid base balance is superior to that of NS’s
There were no significant differences between LR and NS groups in fibrinogen concentrations or platelet count
Total protein dropped
no significant differences in Hct (Table
1) or total protein between LR and NS groups
Bicarbonate HCO3- levels were decreased by hemorrhage but returned to pre-hemorrhage values by 3 h after LR resuscitation, whereas no return was observed with NS resuscitation
Na+ was increased after NS resuscitation
No changes in Na+ or K+ were observed
K+ did not change initially after NS resuscitation but was elevated at 6 h afterwards
Ca++ was similarly decreased
Cl- was elevated for 6 h after NS resuscitation, with no changes shown after LR resuscitation
PT was similarly prolonged by resuscitation with LR (from 11.2 ± 0.2 sec at baseline to 12.1 ± 0.2 sec at 6 h) and NS
Plasma aPTT was also similarly prolonged by resuscitation with LR (from 17.1 ± 0.5 sec baseline to 20.1 ± 1.2 sec at 6 h) or NS
NS resuscitation resulted in better oxygen delivery and oxygen delivery-to-oxygen demand ratio as an index of oxygen debt
NS had better tissue perfusion and oxygen metabolism than LR
LR resuscitation returned BE and bicarbonate to pre-hemorrhage levels within 3 h, but no return of BE or bicarbonate was observed for 6 hr with NS resuscitation
current blood bank guidelines state that LR should not be mixed with blood to prevent the risk of clot formation from calcium included in LR
LR resuscitation should not be given with blood through the same iv-line and crystalloids should be avoided in patients with blood transfusion
PT and aPTT were prolonged for 6 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation, suggesting a hypocoagulable states
potential thrombotic risk from LR resuscitation is unlikely.
we suspected that the blood pressure after NS resuscitation would be lower than that of LR due to its vasodilator effects
NS required a larger resuscitation volume and was associated with poor acid base status and elevated serum potassium in this model
NS required 50% more volume and was associated with a higher cardiac output and lower peripheral resistance, as compared to LR resuscitation
These differences are possibly due to the vasodilator effects from NS
an elevation of K+ was observed at 6 h post NS resuscitation, while no change of K+ was observed after LR resuscitation
The mechanism for the increase of K+ from NS is not fully known
NS is associated with vasodilator effects and the risks of metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia
urine alkalisation may induce calcium phosphate deposition
renal replacement therapy should be started on an emergency basis when hydration fails to produce a prompt metabolic improvement or when ARF develops
Up to 50% of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma have renal failure and up to 10% require dialysis
renal ultrasonography remains the method of choice for investigating extra-renal obstruction
The relief of the obstruction, either by percutaneous nephrostomy or through a ureteral stent, is the cornerstone of treatment
TMA may be associated with the cancer itself, with cancer chemotherapy, or with allogeneic BMT
thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)
it may be as high as 5%
Most of the cases occur in patients with solid tumours, the most common type being adenocarcinoma (stomach, breast and lung)
The pathophysiology of the TMA-malignancy association remains controversial, although many studies suggest an insult to the vascular endothelium
mitomycin C. Subsequently, TMA has been reported with many anti-cancer agents, including gemcita-bine, bleomycin, cisplatin, CCNU, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, deoxycoformycin, 5-FU, azathioprine and interferon α
Plasma exchanges have been shown to improve prognosis in the general population of patients with TMA
Causative factors should be looked for and antihypertensive treatment given. Lastly, in the absence of guidelines, we believe that plasma exchange should be proposed in patients with severe cancer treatment-associated TMA
The most widely used protective measure is saline infusion to induce solute diuresis
During methotrexate infusion and elimination, fluids should be given to maintain a high urinary output and urinary alkalisation should be performed to keep the urinary pH above 7.5. Rescue with folinic acid (50 mg four times a day) should be started 24 hours after each high-dose metho-trexate infusion and serum methotrexate concentrations should be measured every day
Weight loss is the best positive effect for women with PCOS. Higher fat and protein, with a lower carb diet benefited women with PCOS. A low Glycemic index plan benefited women with PCOS.
First, wearing masks is absolutely USELESS according to the science, now social distancing is useless. The scientists of the NIH, CDC are either terrible scientists or they have lied to us.