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"Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight" decision making by few arguments better than more cognitive greed, info overload http://ed.iiqii.de/gallery/Science-TheOnlyNews/FrontalCortex_wired_com warum wir nur bis 3 zählen können

"Der Hintergrund: Jenen an der Bushaltestelle war angesichts der frostigen Temperaturen sicher ebenfalls kalt. Und deshalb konnten sie sich besser in das Schicksal des Wanderers hineinversetzen - aber nur dann, wenn sie sich mit seiner Weltsicht identifizierten. Völlig anders waren die Ergebnisse, wenn die Probanden sich mit der Meinung des Protagonisten überhaupt nicht anfreunden konnten. Dann entwickelten jene an der Bushaltestelle nicht besonders viel Empathie für den frierenden Spaziergänger - und die Angaben zwischen Haltestelle und Bibliothek unterschieden sich auch nicht wesentlich. Mit anderen Worten: Die unterschiedlichen politischen Ansichten führten zu weniger Einfühlungsvermögen.... Offenbar fällt es uns schwer, uns in die Lage von anderen hineinzuversetzen, wenn wir mit ihnen so gar nicht einverstanden - oder sie ganz anders sind als wir. Und das könnte auch erklären, warum wir jene, die eigentlich unsere Hilfe benötigen, einfach ignorieren."

"14.03.2012 - Psychologie So klingen Gewinner! Wähler bevorzugen Politiker und Politikerinnen mit tiefen Stimmen Männliche und weibliche Kandidaten mit vergleichsweise tiefer Stimmlage besitzen bei Wahlen einen Vorteil - das hat zumindest eine Studie eines US-Forscherteams herausgefunden. Das Ergebnis macht erneut deutlich, wie entscheidend persönliche Eigenschaften eines Politikers und nicht nur sein Parteiprogramm im Wahlkampf sind, sagen Casey Klofstad von der University of Miami und seine Kollegen."

"Sexuell frustrierte Fliegen trösten sich mit Alkohol US-Biologen zufolge gibt es Frust-Trinker nicht nur unter Menschen: Wenn sexhungrige Fliegenmännchen von Weibchen abgewiesen werden, suchen sie Ersatzbefriedigung im Alkoholkonsum, zeigen Experimente. Die Erforschung der Ursachen dieses kuriosen Verhaltens könnte dazu beitragen, Sucht beim Menschen besser zu verstehen und zu behandeln, glauben Galit Shohat-Ophir von der University of California und seine Kollegen"

"What they found here was a negative correlation. The MORE serotonin transporters you had, the less likely you were to reject unfair offers. The authors interpret this to mean that people with lower levels of serotonin transporter had a harsher sense of "fairness", than those with higher levels of serotonin transporter, and were more inclined to reject unfair offers. Why could this be the case? The authors looked at the personalities of the individuals. You might think that people with more aggressive personalities (or at least a tendency to get offended) might be more likely to reject unfair offers, but it turned out that this wasn't the case. Instead, it was people with more peaceful personalities, but stronger measures of trust, were more likely to reject the unfair offers. The authors believe that the people with higher trustfulness had higher standards of behavior, and thus were more likely to reject unfair offers, even if the rejected ended up badly for them"

"It seems like his brain isn't working quite properly and according to new findings, it may not be. Researchers have begun to explore the cognitive impairment that men experience before and after interacting with women. A 2009 study demonstrated that after a short interaction with an attractive woman, men experienced a decline in mental performance. A more recent study suggests that this cognitive impairment takes hold even w hen men simply anticipate interacting with a woman who they know very little about. Sanne Nauts ... Daisy Grewal is a researcher at the Stanford School of Medicine, where she investigates how stereotypes affect the careers of women and minority scientists."

"Ging es nicht um das Ergebnis einer im renommierten Fachmagazin Science veröffentlichten Studie, man würde die Nachricht als übertriebene Sensationsmeldung abtun: Männliche Fruchtfliegen trinken aus Frust Alkohol, wenn Weibchen ihre Avancen abweisen - und erinnern mit diesem Verhalten an die Reaktion von Männern in ähnlichen Situationen."

"Males and females differ in their biobehavioural response to stress, where males exhibit a heightened sympathetic response to stress compared with females. Specifically, Taylor et al. 1 propose that the classic "fight-or-flight" response to stress is adaptive for males, whilst females engage in a so-called "tend-and-befriend" response to stress. We propose that the Y-chromosome gene, SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome), provides a genetic basis for the heightened sympathetic reactivity to stress and thus predominance of "fight-flight" response in males. Our idea is based on studies that demonstrate (i) the presence of SRY in brain regions and peripheral tissues abundant in catecholamines, (ii) the regulation of catecholamine synthesis and breakdown by SRY, and (iii) the role of SRY in voluntary movement and blood pressure in males"

"The Niche Audience Problem One of the most basic, most fundamentally wrong, assumptions many nonprofit organizations make is that lots of people should care a lot about their mission. It's just not true, and that's because people have finite attention."

""We wondered how individuals assess the credibility of other people in simple social interactions," said Read Montague, director of the Human Neuroimaging Laboratory and the Computational Psychiatry Unit at the Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, who led the study. "We found a strong correlation between the amygdala and a baseline level of distrust, which may be based on a person's beliefs about the trustworthiness of other people in general, his or her emotional state, and the situation at hand"

"Hundreds of species of bacteria call the human gut their home. This gut "microbiome" influences our physiology and health in ways that scientists are only beginning to understand. Now, a new study suggests that gut bacteria can even mess with the mind, altering brain chemistry and changing mood and behavior. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in how gut bacteria might influence the brain and behavior, says John Cryan, a neuroscientist at University College Cork in Ireland. So far, most of the work has focused on how pathogenic bugs influence the brain by releasing toxins or stimulating the immune system, Cryan says. One recent study suggested that even benign bacteria can alter the brain and behavior, but until now there has been very little work in this area, Cryan says."

"There is a biological story with information. I have been repeating that in a natural environment, a stressor is information. So too much information would be too much stress, exceeding the threshold of antifragility. In medicine, we are discovering the healing powers of fasting, as the avoidance of too much hormonal rushes that come with the ingestion of food. Hormones convey information to the different parts of our system and too much of it confuses our biology. Here again, as with the story of the news received at too high a frequency, too much information becomes harmful. And in Chapter x (on ethics) I will show how too much data (particularly when sterile) causes statistics to be completely meaningless. Now let's add the psychological to this: we are not made to understand the point, so we overreact emotionally to noise. The best solution is to only look at very large changes in data or conditions, never small ones"

Die SZ schreibt heute, 04.07.12 über Vania Apkarian, der mittels Kernspin Schmerzpatienten untersucht hat... "Bei jenen 19 Personen, deren Schmerzen am Ende des jahres anhielten, kommunizierten die sog. insula und der Nucl acc. besonders intensiv miteinander. Diese Hirnregionen sind an der Verarbeitung von Gefühlen und am Lernen beteiligt. !Womöglich! lässt das Leid jene Menschen nicht mehr los, die es besonders emotional verarbeiten. +Ute Panzenboeck und es gibt mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit eben doch 'T- und F- Menschen' ... vgl. Post von gestern vgl. http://ed.iiQii.de/gallery/Die-iiQii-Philosophie/DK_CGJ vgl. Susan Cain: http://www.geistundgegenwart.de/2011/08/still-die-bedeutung-von-introvertierten.html vgl. ed.iiQii.de/gallery/Die-iiQii-Philosophie/MartinBartonitz_saperion_de etc. Alle unsere (Patienten)-Studien beruhen immer auf einem Durchschnitt(-smensch), der gar nichts aussagt... http://www.geistundgegenwart.de/2012/01/frauen-und-manner-sind-verschieden.html

While a substantial body of work has been devoted to understanding the role of negative stereotypes in racial attitudes, far less is known about how we deal with contradictions of those stereotypes. This article uses functional brain imaging with contextually rich visual stimuli to explore the neural mechanisms that are involved in cognition about social norms and race. We present evidence that racial stereotypes are more about the stereotypes than about race per se. Amygdala activity (correlated with negative racial attitudes in other studies) appeared driven by norm violation, rather than race.

"It is a widely accepted principle of distributive justice that goods should be distributed to individuals according to their contribution, i.e., people should receive equal pay for equal work (equity principle)...Recently, neuroscientific studies have begun to address neural processes underlying social and economic phenomena like e.g., reactions to norm violations, status concerns, and reactions to unfair behavior. These studies have convergingly identified brain regions that are important for these aspects of social behavior. One consistent finding is that activations of the dopaminergic mesolimbic ("reward") system, especially the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) do not exclusively reflect material self-interest, but also social aspects

"Rather, these successful men needed to also be blessed with "zeal and with capacity for hard labour." This study is a first glimpse into those essential qualities described by Galton, helping us map out the individual differences that make it slightly easier for some people to engage in hard labor. These diligent souls seem to get a bit more pleasure from the possibility of reward, but they also seem less sensitive to their inner complainer, that disruptive voice reminding them that minesweeper is more fun than editing, or that the ballgame on television is much more entertaining than their homework. At any given moment, there is a tug of war unfolding in our head, determining whether or not we're willing to put in the effort. This sentence only exists because, for a few minutes at least, I was able to win the war."

"The molecule PKR (the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) was originally described as a sensor of viral infections, but its function in the brain was totally unknown," said Dr. Mauro Costa-Mattioli, assistant professor of neuroscience at BCM and senior author of the paper. Since the activity of PKR is altered in a variety of cognitive disorders, Costa-Mattioli and colleagues decided to take a closer look at its role in the mammalian brain. Super memory The authors discovered that mice lacking PKR in the brain have a kind of "super" memory. "

"Der Entwicklungspsychologe Michael Tomasello hat die Kooperation bei Menschen und anderen Primaten studiert. Er hat einiges zu sagen über den Zusammenhalt in Zeiten der Finanzkrise und des Klimawandels... Es würde uns leichtfallen, etwa beim Klimaschutz zu einer Lösung zu kommen, wenn die Erde von Invasoren aus dem Weltall bedroht werden würde. In diesem Fall verstünden wir uns leicht als ein Jagdtrupp mit gemeinsamen Interessen. Aber bei den aktuellen Problemen können wir nicht auf andere deuten, die an allem schuld sind. Wir haben uns die Suppe selbst eingebrockt."

"Schwarzfahrer-Problem. sueddeutsche.de: Was bedeutet das? Voland: Jemand nimmt die Vorteile einer Freundschaft oder eines Sozialwesens in Anspruch, investiert selbst aber ungern. Bei der Steuererklärung zum Beispiel wird gern ein bisschen gemogelt. Die Vorteile eines Gemeinwesens nimmt man aber in Anspruch. In einem System der Gegenseitigkeit besteht diese Gefahr grundsätzlich. sueddeutsche.de: Müssen wir uns also von der Idee der Reziprozität verabschieden? Voland: Nicht ganz. Gelegentlich greift die Reziprozität bei Menschen schon. Aber man weiß ja, wie schnell selbst Freundschaften zerbrechen, wenn eine Seite zu wenig investiert. Wir sind da hochgradig selektiv und sensibel und legen eine sehr hohe Messlatte an."

"We are a superficial species. And this brings me to a fascinating new paper by an all star team of psychologists, including Kurt Gray, Joshua Knobe, Mark Sheskin, Paul Bloom and Lisa Feldman Barrett.. we automatically assume that the capacity to think and the capacity to feel are in opposition. It's a zero sum game. What does all this have to do with nakedness? The psychologists demonstrated it's quite easy to shift our perceptions of other people from having a mind full of agency to having a mind interested in experience: all they have to do is take off their clothes."