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Until recently, the control of protein synthesis seemed straightforward and of little concern to most neuroscientists. However, the simple story of gene transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent translation into a protein has recently become considerably more complicated. Small RNA molecules have been discovered that can determine when and if the mRNA for a particular protein will be translated.

A protein that normally helps defend cells from infection can play a critical role in the development of lung cancer, according to MIT cancer biologists. Their findings suggest that the protein, NF-κB, could be a promising target for new drugs against lung cancer, which kills more than one million people each year.

"Similarly, how should cancer biologists think about cancer cells capable of producing vascular endothelial growth factor, a protein that promotes the growth of blood vessels? Clearly, the importance of this protein only makes sense when thinking about a cancer cell's environment: how close it is to blood vessels that it can exploit, for example."

"According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website: "Ricin works by getting inside the cells of a person's body and preventing the cells from making the proteins they need. Without the proteins, cells die... Death from ricin poisoning could take place within 36 to 72 hours of exposure, depending on the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or injection) and the dose received."

"Note that the antimicrobial peptides are produced largely in the fat bodies-so there would be less of this sort of response in forager bees, which don't maintain their fat bodies. This makes sense, since foragers aren't expected to live for long. However, keep in mind that the bees in protein-hungry colonies are unable to develop their fat bodies fully-this one point where nutrition ties in to immunity. Surprisingly, Jay Evans found that these genes are not upregulated in bees from CCD colonies, even though the bees are full of pathogens! There are a few potential explanations for this finding that come to mind: The bee hemocytes are not recognizing the pathogens as foreign (suppression of recognition systems, perhaps by viruses?). The colonies could be protein-starved. Something is suppressing the transcription of the genes, or their translation to peptides. Note that viruses can do this very thing, which I feel may be a big clue!"

Enzymes in cleaner contains hydrolase such as protease, lipase and diastase, which can decompose protein, carbohydrate and lipids into the constituent having relative small formula weight like peptide segments, delspray and oligosaccharide so that the solubility and suspending power of aqueous solution are stronger, improving the cleaning effect. Enzymes in cleaner is applicable to decompose the protein besmirch such as milk, bloodstain and food residue;

Alkaline protease was extracted by liquid culture of Bacillus licheniformis NO.2709. This product is an enzyme preparation catalyzing protein hydrolysis under alkaline condition (PH during 9-12). It is suitable for industries such as enzymatic detergent, leather depilation, silk degumming, and protein hydrolysis.

"Over the last 10 years, MIT biologist Leonard Guarente and other researchers have demonstrated that very-low-calorie diets provoke a comprehensive physiological response, which promotes survival due to a set of proteins called sirtuins. A new report by Guarente published online in Cell has now demonstrated that sirtuins may also have a key part in the psychological response to dietary restriction. "

GPUGRID.net is a distributed computing infrastructure devoted to biomedical research. Thanks to the contribution of volunteers, GPUGRID scientists can perform molecular simulations to understand the function of proteins in health and disease.

"Gedrucktes Essen: Algen, Gras und Insekten als Nährstofflieferanten Bis jetzt ist es nicht viel mehr als ein interessantes Konzept, aber der Nasa ist es immerhin 125.000 Dollar wert. So viel investiert die amerikanische Raumfahrtbehörde in die Entwicklung eines 3-D-Druckers für Lebensmittel. Dabei geht es weniger um die Realisierung von Science-Fiction-Visionen wie dem Replikator aus "Star Trek". Vielmehr stellt sich mit Blick auf künftig geplante Langzeitmissionen zum Mars die Frage nach der Lebensmittelversorgung der Astronauten. Der Entwurf des Nasa-Partners Systems & Materials Research Corporation (SMRC) sieht dabei vor, dass ein 3-D-Drucker die verschiedenen Bestandteile menschlicher Ernährung in pulverisierter, lagerfähiger Form verarbeitet. Zucker, Proteine und Kohlenhydrate würden dann je nach zuvor vom Computer geladenen "Rezept" zusammengestellt und tellerfertig produziert. Die ersten Entwürfe für das Astronautenessen der Zukunft sehen allerdings noch etwas fremdartig aus und erinnern ein wenig an Hundekuchen. Hinter SMRC steht Anjan Contractor, ein Ingenieur mit einiger Erfahrung im Bereich des dreidimensionalen Druckens. In den kommenden Wochen will er sich zunächst an die Umsetzung eines vergleichsweise einfachen Rezepts machen und mit einem 3-D-Drucker eine Pizza herstelle"

"The same technology could potentially be used for bladder and multiple myeloma cancers, which also shed identifiable markers in urine. "Our goal is a device the size of a home pregnancy test priced around $10. Other prostate cancer tests coming to market cost up to $4,000 each. The UC Irvine team made price a key design factor of their work..The UC Irvine team developed a new type of sensor: They added nanoscale protein receptors to tiny, pencil-like viruses called phages that live only within bacteria. Double wrapping the phages with additional receptors greatly increases the capture and transmission of cancer molecule signals."

"A team of scientists at Oxford University have printed - yes, printed - what could be the predecessors to usable synthetic human tissue. The researchers released a paper called A Tissue-Like Material, announcing that they created their own version of a 3D printer, saying the current ones on the market couldn't print what they were after, according to PhsyOrg. And what were they after? A protein sack of water that can mold itself into different shapes and perform similar functions to human cells. After developing the printer, the team was able to print out a series of droplets that formed a network of human-like cells that could act like nerves and send electrical signals across the network."

Droplet network printer ""We aren't trying to make materials that faithfully resemble tissues, but rather structures that can carry out the functions of tissues," said Professor Hagan Bayley of Oxford University's Department of Chemistry, who led the research. "We've shown that it is possible to create networks of tens of thousands of connected droplets. The droplets can be printed with protein pores to form pathways through the network that mimic nerves and are able to transmit electrical signals from one side of a network to the other.""

UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Genocoding Project Genomic Text Indexing: Scanning papers for genomic identifiers and mapping them to the human genome. We currently recognize DNA and protein sequences, SNPs, bands and gene symbols.

The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium is an international collaboration of research groups funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). The goal of ENCODE is to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome, including elements that act at the protein and RNA levels, and regulatory elements that control cells and circumstances in which a gene is active.

"The molecule PKR (the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase) was originally described as a sensor of viral infections, but its function in the brain was totally unknown," said Dr. Mauro Costa-Mattioli, assistant professor of neuroscience at BCM and senior author of the paper. Since the activity of PKR is altered in a variety of cognitive disorders, Costa-Mattioli and colleagues decided to take a closer look at its role in the mammalian brain. Super memory The authors discovered that mice lacking PKR in the brain have a kind of "super" memory. "

"The SOS-Ras-Raf-MAPK cascade plays a central role here. In about 25% of human tumors, Ras proteins are present in structurally altered forms that enable them to release a flux of mitogenic signals into cells, without ongoing stimulation by their normal upstream regulators (Medema and Bos 1993). We suspect that growth signaling pathways suffer deregulation in all"

Many newly diagnosed prostate cancers present as low Gleason score tumors that require no treatment intervention. Distinguishing the many indolent tumors from the minority of lethal ones remains a major clinical challenge. We now show that low Gleason score prostate tumors can be distinguished as indolent and aggressive subgroups on the basis of their expression of genes associated with aging and senescence. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identified a 19-gene signature enriched in indolent prostate tumors. We then further classified this signature with a decision tree learning model to identify three genes-FGFR1, PMP22, and CDKN1A-that together accurately predicted outcome of low Gleason score tumors. Validation of this three-gene panel on independent cohorts confirmed its independent prognostic value as well as its ability to improve prognosis with currently used clinical nomograms. Furthermore, protein expression of this three-gene panel in biopsy samples distinguished Gleason 6 patients who failed surveillance over a 10-year period. We propose that this signature may be incorporated into prognostic assays for monitoring patients on active surveillance to facilitate appropriate courses of treatment.

"Plasmodium vivax ist ein unterschätzter Parasit. Zwar verursacht er jährlich bis zu 20 Millionen Malaria-Infektionen, kann sich in der Leber verstecken und von dort aus immer neue Krankheitsschübe auslösen. Doch die Malaria verläuft weniger tödlich als jene, die sein Verwandter Plasmodium falciparum auslöst. Falciparum wütet vor allem in Afrika. Gegen Vivax hingegen sind bis zu 95 Prozent der Bevölkerung südlich der Sahara resistent. Ihnen fehlt der sogenannte Duffy-Faktor, ein spezielles Protein auf der Oberfläche roter Blutkörperchen. Plasmodium vivax nutzt dieses Antigen als Andockstelle, um ins Innere der Zellen einzudringen. Fehlt es, muss er draußen bleiben - soweit die Theorie."

Researchers at Biodesign Institute have revved the engine of biological evolution to unheard of speed, creating completely new proteins in an infinitesimal fraction of the time it took nature to do the same thing.