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David Baum, University of Wisconsin, says: "All agree that eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between two cell types: bacteria that became mitochondria and a host cell, archaea, or a close relative of archaea, that became the cytoplasm and nucleus. This symbiosis explains the origin of mitochondria, but what about other eukaryotic structures, most notably the nucleus?" The Baums' inside-out theory provides a gradual path by which eukaryotic cells could have evolved. The first stage began with a bacterial cell whose outer membrane forms protrusions, which the Baums call 'blebs', that reached out from the cell. These protrusions trapped free-living mitochondria-like bacteria between them. Using the energy gained from being in close contact with bacteria (and using bacterial-derived lipids), cells were able to get bigger and expand the size of their blebs. The sides of the blebs formed the endoplasmic reticulum and their inner surfaces formed the outer membrane of the nucleus, with the original outer membrane of the archaeon becoming what we now call the inner nuclear membrane. Finally, the fusion of blebs with one another led to the formation of the plasma membrane. The result was the eukaryotic cell as we now know it. This inside-out theory is explained in more detail using a diagram in the research article (see notes to editors).

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is the founder of Trivedi Master Wellness™ and originator of Trivedi Effect®. He has the ability to raise the consciousness by his thought process. The goal of Trivedi Master Wellness™ is to make people live a life where they can effortlessly follows their inner guidance.

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi is the founder of Trivedi Master Wellness™ and originator of Trivedi Effect®. He has the ability to raise the consciousness by his thought process. The goal of Trivedi Master Wellness™ is to make people live a life where they can effortlessly follows their inner guidance.

"Rather, these successful men needed to also be blessed with "zeal and with capacity for hard labour." This study is a first glimpse into those essential qualities described by Galton, helping us map out the individual differences that make it slightly easier for some people to engage in hard labor. These diligent souls seem to get a bit more pleasure from the possibility of reward, but they also seem less sensitive to their inner complainer, that disruptive voice reminding them that minesweeper is more fun than editing, or that the ballgame on television is much more entertaining than their homework. At any given moment, there is a tug of war unfolding in our head, determining whether or not we're willing to put in the effort. This sentence only exists because, for a few minutes at least, I was able to win the war."

"New research from Case Western Reserve University and University of Toronto neuroscientists finds that the brains of autistic children generate more information at rest - a 42% increase on average. The study offers a scientific explanation for the most typical characteristic of autism - withdrawal into one's own inner world. The excess production of information may explain a child's detachment from their environment. "

"Plasmodium vivax ist ein unterschätzter Parasit. Zwar verursacht er jährlich bis zu 20 Millionen Malaria-Infektionen, kann sich in der Leber verstecken und von dort aus immer neue Krankheitsschübe auslösen. Doch die Malaria verläuft weniger tödlich als jene, die sein Verwandter Plasmodium falciparum auslöst. Falciparum wütet vor allem in Afrika. Gegen Vivax hingegen sind bis zu 95 Prozent der Bevölkerung südlich der Sahara resistent. Ihnen fehlt der sogenannte Duffy-Faktor, ein spezielles Protein auf der Oberfläche roter Blutkörperchen. Plasmodium vivax nutzt dieses Antigen als Andockstelle, um ins Innere der Zellen einzudringen. Fehlt es, muss er draußen bleiben - soweit die Theorie."

"Nach den vier Jahren waren die Ehen derjenigen, deren Bauchgefühl Negatives verraten hatte, deutlich häufiger im Eimer als bei den Paaren deren Ergebnisse stimmig positiv waren. „Jeder wünscht sich eine gute Ehe und am Anfang können viele Paare ihr Bewusstsein auch von dieser Qualität überzeugen. Aber das Bauchgefühl lässt sich eben nicht so leicht manipulieren", resümiert McNulty. „Ich denke, Menschen sollten öfter auf ihre innere Stimme hören. Ursachen von Problemen und Bedenken möglichst früh auszuloten, kann sehr sinnvoll sein", meint der Wissenschaftler."

"Eine irritierte innere Uhr schränkt die Leistungsfähigkeit ein. Beim Menschen sind die Folgen als Jetlag bekannt. Auch Malariaerreger bekommen Probleme, wenn sie ihren Lebensrhythmus nicht dem der infizierten Nagetiere angepasst haben. Darüber berichten Wissenschaftler von den Universitäten in Edinburgh und Oxford im Wissenschaftsblatt "Proceedings of the Royal Society B". Sie haben dann eine um die Hälfte verminderte Fähigkeit, die Krankheit zu übertragen. "

All hail the powerful smile. The right smile, at the right time, wins friends and calms enemies. The smile held for too long, not long enough, flashed too intensively or too dimly, arouses suspicion, fear or anger. Far from being a straightforward show of joy, the language of smiles is filled with subtlety: a meld of our inner state, surroundings, social training, conscious and unconscious.

Brain, bodily awareness, and the emergence of a conscious self: these entities and their relations are explored by Germanphilosopher and cognitive scientist Metzinger. Extensively working with neuroscientists he has come to the conclusion that, in fact, there is no such thing as a "self" -- that a "self" is simply the content of a model created by our brain - part of a virtual reality we create for ourselves. But if the self is not "real," he asks, why and how did it evolve? How does the brain construct the self? In a series of fascinating virtual reality experiments, Metzinger and his colleagues have attempted to create so-called "out-of-body experiences" in the lab, in order to explore these questions. As a philosopher, he offers a discussion of many of the latest results in robotics, neuroscience, dream and meditation research, and argues that the brain is much more powerful than we have ever imagined. He shows us, for example, that we now have the first machines that have developed an inner image of their own body -- and actually use this model to create intelligent behavior. In addition, studies exploring the connections between phantom limbs and the brain have shown us that even people born without arms or legs sometimes experience a sensation that they do in fact have limbs that are not there. Experiments like the "rubber-hand illusion" demonstrate how we can experience a fake hand as part of our self and even feel a sensation of touch on the phantom hand form the basis and testing ground for the idea that what we have called the "self" in the past is just the content of a transparent self-model in our brains. Now, as new ways of manipulating the conscious mind-brain appear on the scene, it will soon become possible to alter our subjective reality in an unprecedented manner. The cultural consequences of this, Metzinger claims, may be immense: we will need a new approach to ethics, and we will be forced to think about ourselves in a fundamentally new way. At

"Wie stark jemand dabei auf Oxytocin reagiert, scheint unter anderem von seiner genetischen Ausstattung abzuhängen, insbesondere der Beschaffenheit seines Oxytocinrezeptor-Gens, auch OXTR-Gen genannt. Schon in früheren Studien hatten Wissenschaftler Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen der jeweils vorherrschenden Variante dieses Gens und der Neigung zu Empathie und anderen prosozialen Verhaltensweisen gefunden. Von allen möglichen Kombinationen - GG, AG und AA - scheint sich dabei vor allem die GG-Variante als förderlich für soziales Verhalten zu behaupten. AA-Träger haben dagegen häufiger Schwierigkeiten, elterliche Gefühle zu entwickeln und ein größeres Risiko für autistische Züge. In der aktuellen Studie wollte das Team um Aleksandr Kogan von der Universität in Toronto nun herausfinden, ob ein Fremder die Chance hat, GG-Träger nur durch eine flüchtige Beobachtung zu identifizieren"