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Many newly diagnosed prostate cancers present as low Gleason score tumors that require no treatment intervention. Distinguishing the many indolent tumors from the minority of lethal ones remains a major clinical challenge. We now show that low Gleason score prostate tumors can be distinguished as indolent and aggressive subgroups on the basis of their expression of genes associated with aging and senescence. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identified a 19-gene signature enriched in indolent prostate tumors. We then further classified this signature with a decision tree learning model to identify three genes-FGFR1, PMP22, and CDKN1A-that together accurately predicted outcome of low Gleason score tumors. Validation of this three-gene panel on independent cohorts confirmed its independent prognostic value as well as its ability to improve prognosis with currently used clinical nomograms. Furthermore, protein expression of this three-gene panel in biopsy samples distinguished Gleason 6 patients who failed surveillance over a 10-year period. We propose that this signature may be incorporated into prognostic assays for monitoring patients on active surveillance to facilitate appropriate courses of treatment.

"Stephanie King (University of St. Andrews) et al.: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0053" Zusammenfassend lasse das eigentlich nur den Schluss zu, dass sich die kopierten Pfiffe direkt an den Träger der Signatur richteten - und dass der Nachahmer diesem zu verstehen gebe, wer ihn da rufe. Referenzielle Kommunikation nennen die Forscher dieses Verhalten. Man könnte auch sagen: Die Delfine rufen gegenseitig ihre Namen - allerdings nur dann, wenn es sich an einen engen Vertrauten richtet und auch nur im äußersten Notfall. Delfine sind damit neben dem Menschen die einzigen Lebewesen, bei denen ein solches Verhalten jemals beobachtet wurde.

University of Michigan researchers George Mashour, M.D., Ph.D., and Jimo Borjigin, Ph.D., provide the first scientific framework for near-death experiences. "The "near-death experience" reported by cardiac arrest survivors worldwide may be grounded in science, according to research at the University of Michigan Health System. Whether and how the dying brain is capable of generating conscious activity has been vigorously debated"