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Protein folding and trafficking is essential for normal cell function, and when it goes awry it can lead to various chronic conditions, including fatty liver disease, diabetes, and Parkinson's. The narrative of this case study follows two undergraduate students engaged in a summer research project evaluating the effects of cell stress on cell function and health in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans).  During the case study, students review animal cell organelle function and then learn about endoplasmic stress and unfolded protein response. Prior knowledge needed for the case is basic animal cell organelles and their functions and use of model organisms in research. The case was designed for a flipped classroom in which students prepare in advance by taking a quiz and watching two videos; a PowerPoint animation is also included.

The origin of viruses remains mysterious because of their diverse and patchy molecular and functional makeup. Although numerous hypotheses have attempted to explain viral origins, none is backed by substantive data. We take full advantage of the wealth of available protein structural and functional data to explore the evolution of the proteomic makeup of thousands of cells and viruses. Despite the extremely reduced nature of viral proteomes, we established an ancient origin of the "viral supergroup" and the existence of widespread episodes of horizontal transfer of genetic information. Viruses harboring different replicon types and infecting distantly related hosts shared many metabolic and informational protein structural domains of ancient origin that were also widespread in cellular proteomes. Phylogenomic analysis uncovered a universal tree of life and revealed that modern viruses reduced from multiple ancient cells that harbored segmented RNA genomes and coexisted with the ancestors of modern cells. The model for the origin and evolution of viruses and cells is backed by strong genomic and structural evidence and can be reconciled with existing models of viral evolution if one considers viruses to have originated from ancient cells and not from modern counterparts.

This case study centers on symbiotic relationships between insects and bacteria using Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, and the recently discovered bacterial species Sodalis praecaptivus. Until recently, the only known Sodalis species of bacteria were symbiotically associated with several different species of insects. However, free-living non-symbiont Sodalis species are being tested in several different insect species to determine if they can transition into symbiotic relationships. A pre-class assignment (see Supplemental Materials) directs students to read an open access research journal article providing a comprehensive review of S. praecaptivus and describing an experimental weevil model that parallels that of the fruit fly. A PowerPoint presentation shown in class (see Supplemental Materials) provides further background before students work in small groups to complete the case study focusing on results from D. melanogaster and S. praecaptivus model experiments.  Although developed for a genetics course, this interrupted case is appropriate for an upper-level biology course. It can be completed within a 75-minute class meeting, or adapted for shorter time periods.

This activity guides the analysis of a published scientific figure from a study that modeled the impact of an infectious fungal disease on a bat population. In 2006, a disease called white-nose syndrome (WNS) began wiping out bat populations in North America. Because many of these bats eat insect pests, the spread of WNS may devastate ecosystems and increase pest control costs. In this study, scientists mathematically modeled the effects of WNS to estimate extinction probabilities for the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) population in the northeastern United States. This figure shows these probabilities projected for five annual rates of population decline. Each projection is simulated up to 100 years after WNS emerged in the population. The "Educator Materials" document includes a captioned figure, background information, graph interpretation, and discussion questions. The "Student Handout" includes a captioned figure and background information.

In this activity, students analyze scientific figures to understand principles of island biogeography theory that determine the number of species in an isolated habitat. This activity uses a jigsaw approach to explore the processes that determine the equilibrium number of species in a habitat and how they are affected by both area and isolation. Two "Student Handouts" are provided as options for the activity. The "Analyzing Graphical Data" handout engages students in graph interpretation and sensemaking from data. The "Building the Equilibrium Model" handout facilitates a scaffolded investigation of the dynamic equilibrium model of island biogeography; students construct immigration and extinction curves to demonstrate the effects of area and isolation on the equilibrium number of species. 

video clips of diverse women scientists and STEM role models  3700 video clips from 160 inspiring women - biochemists, biomedical researchers, chemists, forensic scientists, geneticists, genomic sciences, geologists, icthylogists, meterologists, oceanographers

"There has been an over-reliance on male animals in preclinical research in the past, and as we have worked to study female specific physiological conditions, we became aware that even many aspects of our basic model of diet induced obesity are different in females," Erin Giles, assistant professor at Texas A&M University and lead author of the study, said in a press release.

Generate different mutations using a model which transcribes and translates.  Clear instructions are on the website.

Scientists announced Monday that they had created mice with small amounts of human brain cells in an effort to make realistic models of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

Promising animal model work utilizing gene therapy.

TinkerPlots is a data visualization and modeling tool developed for use by middle school through university students. TinkerPlots can be used to teach grades 4 and up in subjects including math, statistics, social science, or physical or biological science

TinkerPlots is a data visualization and modeling tool developed for use by middle school through university students. TinkerPlots can be used to teach grades 4 and up in subjects including math, statistics, social science, or physical or biological science

A zebrafish model of a rare genetic disease has revealed an unexpected regulatory pathway for cholesterol absorption and processing. The findings, reported in the Journal of Molecular Medicine, were "quite surprising and have the potential to teach us about the basic physiology of cholesterol management," said Ela Knapik, M.D., associate professor of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology.

Existing mouse models of lethal Ebola virus infection do not reproduce hallmark symptoms of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, neither delayed blood coagulation and disseminated intravascular coagulation, nor death from shock, thus restricting pathogenesis studies to non-human primates. Here we show that mice from the Collaborative Cross exhibit distinct disease phenotypes following mouse-adapted Ebola virus infection. Phenotypes range from complete resistance to lethal disease to severe hemorrhagic fever characterized by prolonged coagulation times and 100% mortality. Inflammatory signaling was associated with vascular permeability and endothelial activation, and resistance to lethal infection arose by induction of lymphocyte differentiation and cellular adhesion, likely mediated by the susceptibility allele Tek. These data indicate that genetic background determines susceptibility to Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

Since 2003, the H5N1 influenza virus, more commonly known as the bird flu, has been responsible for the deaths of millions of chickens and ducks and has infected more than 650 people, leading to a 60 percent mortality rate for the latter. Luckily, this virus has yet to achieve human-to-human transmission, but a small number of mutations could change that, resulting in a pandemic. Now a team of investigators from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Stanford University Medical Center, and MacroGenics have developed an antibody which has proven 100 percent protective against the virus in two species of animal models.

3D pen allows creation of models 

New ways of visualizing scientific and medical data and concepts can enhance discovery and learning. The NIH 3D Print Exchange provides access to a community-contributed database of bioscientific 3D-printable files. Download a model and print it with your own 3D printer or through a 3D print service provider.

The Virtual Biology Lab Project is designed to provide interactive activities that demonstrate ecological principles. We provide agent-based models that simulate classic ecological experiments or concepts across a wide range of ecological topics. Students manipulate experimental parameters and observe the results. These results are provided numerically and graphically and are reinforced with a visualization of the model's "world". The content is suitable for advanced high-school and college students.

Using an animal model for human PTSD, in which researchers conditioned mice to feel fear and then attempted to reverse it, the scientists found that blocking a single gene in mice could turn off their chronic fear response.

In March 2005 High Tech High received a $250,000 grant from the California Department of Education to disseminate project-based learning methods to teachers in non-charter public schools. As part of the project, High Tech High teachers have documented successful projects to share with collaborating teachers from local districts and across the HTH network. The current volume presents the fruits of these labors. The aim is simple: to offer practitioners useful, easily adaptable models of real projects.