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izz aty

The Communication Blog: Politeness in the Classroom - 0 views

tcbdevito.blogspot.com/...politeness-in-classroom.html

politeness society culture people classroom education learning social phenomenon

shared by izz aty on 25 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • izz aty on 25 Mar 13
     
    "Politeness in the classroom is one of the topics that seem almost too obvious to mention; of course, people will be polite in a classroom, just as they're polite in a place of worship or at a job interview. But, the classroom is a bit different; it has its own rules of politeness. And, to complicate matters just a bit, these rules are modified in various ways by different institutions and by different instructors."
izz aty

School Behavior Strategies: Helping ADHD Children with Impulse Control | ADDitude - Att... - 0 views

www.additudemag.com/...1037.html

ADHD mental health health psychology education school disability

shared by izz aty on 03 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • izz aty on 03 Apr 14
     
    "For children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder who are ruled by their impulses calling out in class or pushing to the front of the line comes naturally. These kids live in the moment, undeterred by rules or consequences. Lack of impulse control may be the most difficult ADHD symptom to change. Medication can help, but kids also need clear expectations, positive incentives, and predictable consequences if they are to learn to regulate their behavior."
izz aty

Kurt Vonnegut: 8 Basics of Creative Writing - 0 views

www.writingclasses.com/...538

writing style literacy writing learning reference language learning teaching resources

shared by izz aty on 06 Aug 11 - Cached
  • izz aty on 06 Aug 11
     
    Eight rules for writing short fiction: 1. Use the time of a total stranger in such a way that he or she will not feel the time was wasted.2. Give the reader at least one character he or she can root for.3. Every character should want something, even if it is only a glass of water.4. Every sentence must do one of two things - reveal character or advance the action.5. Start as close to the end as possible.6. Be a sadist. Now matter how sweet and innocent your leading characters, make awful things happen to them - in order that the reader may see what they are made of.7. Write to please just one person. If you open a window and make love to the world, so to speak, your story will get pneumonia.8. Give your readers as much information as possible as soon as possible. To heck with suspense. Readers should have such complete understanding of what is going on, where and why, that they could finish the story themselves, should cockroaches eat the last few pages. The greatest American short story writer of my generation was Flannery O'Connor (1925-1964). She broke practically every one of my rules but the first. Great writers tend to do that. - Vonnegut, Kurt Vonnegut, Bagombo Snuff Box: Uncollected Short Fiction (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1999), 9-10.
izz aty

Verb patterns again - final solution | ENGAMES - 0 views

www.engames.eu/verb-patterns-final-solution

language language learning english esol grammar verb writing reference

shared by izz aty on 09 May 14 - No Cached
  • Have you ever tried to memorise the following list of verbs to know when you should use TO and when the ending ING?
  • The rule goes like this: “If the first verb happens before the second verb, use TO. If the second verb happens at the same time or before the first verb use the ending -ING with the second verb. For example: I want to go out. (First I want and then I will go out) She stopped smoking. (First she smoked and then she stopped.) He agreed to do it. (First he agreed and then he did it)”
  • the rule does not work for the verbs suggest, pretend and fail.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Verb patterns – mind map The mind map contains a graphical explanation of the rule.
  • The first game is called penalty and your task is to choose the correct verb and then try to score a goal.
  • In the second game, you should complete the quiz and if you succeed you can play the game Rock, Paper, Scissors.
izz aty

ESL Lesson Plan: Twenty Questions - 1 views

www.esl-lesson-plan.com/...twenty_questions.php

writing writing prompts questions english language language learning esl storytelling lesson filler activity activities story

shared by izz aty on 20 Aug 11 - No Cached
  • 1. What is your most obsessive thought? 2. Where is your favorite place in the world, and why? 3. What's the one thing your parents don't understand about you? 4. What have you learned that nobody taught you? 5. What is your earliest, most vivid memory? 6. If you have experienced a moment of sudden faith or loss of faith, what prompted it? 7. If you could take back one thing you have done, what would it be? 8. What is your greatest talent or accomplishment? 9. What is the most joyful moment you have experienced? 10. What is the most painful moment you have experienced? 11. What question would you ask God? 12. Which super power would you choose – and what would you do with it? 13. If you could make one rule about life, what would it be? 14. How would you define time? 15. What is it about some people that makes you immediately like - or dislike - them? 16. If you could be an animal, what animal would you be? 17. If you could have a conversation with a historical figure, who would it be? 18. If you could go back in time, where would you go? What would you do? 19. What do you know, that no one else knows? 20. If you had an extra hour in each day, what would you do with it?
  • my intention in teaching English is far more than mastery of grammar and vocabulary. I want my students to be equipped to comprehend and make sense of the world around them. Part of comprehending is to understand, but another important part is to make something known and part of one's self.
  • To inspire discussions or writing for English learning students, I have found open-ended questions to be a good place to start. I have found that a little introductory discussion can help a student with a context and a framework to continue developing... ...his or her own thoughts.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • How do we make basic decisions about our lives – like where we live, go to school, travel, vote or work? Are those our decisions? Or do we follow the tracks of others?
  • It is good to remember that we are all always learning. And it is always more fun to learn together. We can learn as much from the past as from the present. And we can learn as much from using and stretching our imaginations as from studying our textbooks.
  • izz aty on 20 Aug 11
     
    1. What is your most obsessive thought? 2. Where is your favorite place in the world, and why? 3. What's the one thing your parents don't understand about you? 4. What have you learned that nobody taught you? 5. What is your earliest, most vivid memory? 6. If you have experienced a moment of sudden faith or loss of faith, what prompted it? 7. If you could take back one thing you have done, what would it be? 8. What is your greatest talent or accomplishment? 9. What is the most joyful moment you have experienced? 10. What is the most painful moment you have experienced? 11. What question would you ask God? 12. Which super power would you choose - and what would you do with it? 13. If you could make one rule about life, what would it be? 14. How would you define time? 15. What is it about some people that makes you immediately like - or dislike - them? 16. If you could be an animal, what animal would you be? 17. If you could have a conversation with a historical figure, who would it be? 18. If you could go back in time, where would you go? What would you do? 19. What do you know, that no one else knows? 20. If you had an extra hour in each day, what would you do with it?
izz aty

A Verbal Aesthetic: Notes on Spoken Word Poetry | poetryNprogress - 0 views

poetrynprogress.com/...ic-notes-on-spoken-word-poetry

poetry literature spoken word poetry slam performance arts education learning language learning english reference language teaching esl esol

shared by izz aty on 05 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • izz aty on 05 Jan 13
     
    "I've written and performed dozens of spoken word poems, yet I can't tell you in easy steps how to write any kind of poem, much less how to write a spoken word poem. Poetry, generally speaking, defies those kinds of recipes and instructions. Plus, there are no hard-and-fast rules for spoken word poetry. Like poetry in general, spoken word poetry can't be boxed-in. Still, how to write spoken word is a concern for many would-be performers. So, I want to offer some notes, or general observations, on spoken word as a poetic style and form that tends to exhibit some particular artistic qualities."
izz aty

Is it in accordance with or in accordance to - 0 views

wiki.answers.com/...dance_with_or_in_accordance_to

accordance grammar vocab vocabulary english language language learning esol esl reference

shared by izz aty on 13 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • According to makes a reference to a source of information
  • in accordance with explains an action in reference to an authority
  • According to the rules, this person should be fired; and in accordance with the rules, they fired him
izz aty

Are Memes & Internet Culture Creating a Singularity? | Idea Channel | PBS - YouTube - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

meme internet culture society people world technology web2.0 reference

shared by izz aty on 22 Aug 12 - No Cached
  • izz aty on 22 Aug 12
     
    "Here on the internet, we love us some memes. But where do they come from? Yes we know, they are user generated. But to an internet layman, they seem to just appear, in HUGE quantities, ready for cultural consumption. Are they a sign of a "cultural singularity"? Memes follow rules and code, are varied, self-referential, and seem to multiply at an ever increasing rate. It may seem like science fiction, but we're close to a world where culture automatically and magically creates infinitely more culture."
izz aty

If I Was Poor (A Letter Written by a Billionaire) « The Activists - 0 views

theactivists.wordpress.com/...ter-written-by-a-billionaire-2

poverty law rich poor society lifestyle culture capitalism finances letter education escapism

shared by izz aty on 20 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • If I was poor I would steal bread, I would steal food, I would steal my life back from those who thrive from crushing the lives of others. If I was poor, I would not lie submissively waiting for the billionaires to become humane, I would seize the means of production. If I was poor, I would form a gang of poor people and take control of the streets. If I was poor, I would spend every ounce of energy showing other poor people how to rise above their inner and outer poverty. Unfortunately for you poor scum, it is I, that writes the laws. Unfortunately for you starving children, it is the club of billionaires that change and modify the laws to suit their needs.
  • izz aty on 20 Dec 11
     
    There was a protest in my city, I called the idiotic mayor and told him to put curfew rules into places, the law is my friend. The law is your enemy, the law is the enemy of those with no power. The law is a reflection of the appetites and needs of the powerful. I am the law, you are the slave of the law. I am the lawyers, you are the ones arrested and brutalized because of your skin shades. I am the law, you are the poor citizens who cannot even afford a lawyer.
izz aty

Muslim leaders issue a fatwa against anyone living on MARS as there is 'no righteous re... - 0 views

www.dailymail.co.uk/...no-righteous-reason-there.html

islam UAE fatwa space astronomy space exploration mars mars mission

shared by izz aty on 20 Feb 14 - No Cached
  • izz aty on 20 Feb 14
     
    "Clerics in the UAE have deemed a colony on Mars as being un-Islamic They argue that trying to live there would be akin to committing suicide Killing oneself is strictly forbidden in Islam, according to the Quran The ruling came after Mars One announced a 2025 mission to Mars So far around 500 Saudis and Arabs have volunteered to take part in it"
izz aty

The Swedish Model - Education | Frontier Centre for Public Policy - 0 views

www.fcpp.org/...the-swedish-model-education

sweden swedish education free school independent school social reform scandinvian education ESTEkiv

shared by izz aty on 11 May 14 - No Cached
  • Reforms that came into force in 1994 allow pretty much anyone who satisfies basic standards to open a new school and take in children at the state's expense
  • local municipality must pay the school what it would have spent educating each child itself—a sum of SKr48,000-70,000 ($8,000-12,000) a year, depending on the child's age and the school's location
  • Children must be admitted on a first-come, first-served basis
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • no religious requirements or entrance exams
  • Nothing extra can be charged for, but making a profit is fine
    • izz aty
      izz aty on 11 May 14
       
      profit is fine; can't ask for fees
  • In just 14 years the share of Swedish children educated privately has risen from a fraction of a percent to more than 10%
  • What no one predicted was the emergence of chains of schools. Yet that is where much of the growth in independent education has come from
  • Kunskapsskolan gets its customers to do much of the work themselves
  • He then broadens the analogy to hotels and airlines, which make money only if they are popular enough to maintain high occupancy rates.
  • Youngsters spend 15 minutes each week with a tutor, reviewing the past week's progress and agreeing on goals and a timetable for the next one. This will include classes and lectures, but also a great deal of independent or small-group study
  • Kunskapsporten allows each student to work at his own level, and spend less or more time on each subject, depending on his strengths and weakness
  • Each subject is divided into 35 steps. Students who reach step 25 graduate with a pass; those who make it to step 30 or 35 gain, respectively, a merit or distinction
  • no money is wasted on fancy surroundings
  • Teachers update and add new material to the website during school holidays and get just seven weeks off each year, roughly the same as the average Swedish office worker
  • “We do not mind being compared to McDonald's,” he says. “If we're religious about anything, it's standardisation. We tell our teachers it is more important to do things the same way than to do them well.
  • Sweden's Independent Schools Association has ten members that run more than six schools, and five that run ten or more
  • Each child's progress is reported each week in a logbook, and parents can follow what is being studied on the website.
  • expectation that the children take responsibility for their own progress
  • “Our aim is that by the time students finish school, they can set their own learning goals,” says Christian Wetell, head teacher at Kunskapsskolan Enskede. “Three or four students in each year may not manage this, but most will.”
  • tracks the performance of individual teachers to see which ones do best as personal tutors or as subject teachers
  • bonuses to particularly successful teachers and is considering paying extra to good ones from successful schools who are willing to move to underperforming ones
  • preferred bidder to run two “academies”—state-funded schools run largely free from state control—in London
  • run by a not-for-profit arm, since for-profit ventures are banned from Britain's academies programme
  • The firm also hopes to open low-cost independent schools in Britain, where it can offer the full Kunskapsskolan experience, free of state meddling
  • the returns are solid, rather than stellar: Mr Ledin quotes an average return on capital of 5-7% a year
  • If a future government, hostile to school choice, changed the rules, that would be the end of this nascent market.
  • The school reforms are popular with parents, he says, and politicians know they meddle with them at their peril. More plausible would be a change to the rules so that independent schools had to match the methods and curriculum of state schools more closely, or perhaps even a ban on profits
  • The latter sounds bad, says Mr Stawström, but would not really amount to much: companies could split themselves into non-profit schools and a profit-making body that supplies services, such as teaching materials and consultancy
izz aty

How To Kill A Country - Samantha Power - The Atlantic - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...302845

shared by izz aty on 11 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • In 1980, after a civil war that cost 30,000 lives, the black majority took charge of the country, which was renamed Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe—the nationalist leader whom Smith had branded a "Marxist terrorist" and jailed for more than a decade; a man who had once urged his followers to stop wearing shoes and socks to show they were willing to reject the trappings of European civilization—became President.
  • 1. Destroy the engine of productivity
  • 2. Bury the truth
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • 4. Legislate the impossible
  • 3. Crush dissent
  • 6. Scare off foreigners
  • 8. Ignore a deadly enemy
  • 9. Commit genocide
  • 10. Blame the imperialists
  • Mugabe will have the last word on Zimbabwe's fate. His cronies are clearly worried that if he clings to power indefinitely, the ruling party will sink with him. He is under pressure to choose a successor by the end of the year. But at seventy-nine, Mugabe may well decide to stick around, relying—though he would never admit it—on the United States and Britain to bail out his people with food aid.
  • For all their differences, Mugabe and Ian Smith share a basic misconception about power: they both fail to realize that a government cannot survive indefinitely when it advances the political and economic desires of the few at the expense of the many.
  • http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/12/how-to-kill-a-country/302845/
  • 5. Teach hate
  • 7. Invade a neighbor
  • How could the breadbasket of Africa have deteriorated so quickly into the continent's basket case? The answer is Robert Mugabe, now seventy-nine, who by his actions has compiled something of a "how-to" manual for national destruction. Although many of his methods have been applied elsewhere, taken as a whole his ten-step approach is more radical and more comprehensive than that of other despots. The Zimbabwe case offers some important insights. It illustrates the prime importance of accountability as an antidote to idiocy and excess. It highlights the lasting effects of decolonization—limited Western influence on the continent and a reluctance by African leaders to criticize their own. And it offers a warning about how much damage one man can do, very quickly.
  • Although Zimbabwe is as broken as any country on the planet, it offers a testament not to some inherent African inability to govern but to a minority rule as oppressive and inconsiderate of the welfare of citizens as its ignominious white predecessor. The country's economy in 1997 was the fastest growing in all of Africa; now it is the fastest shrinking. A onetime net exporter of maize, cotton, beef, tobacco, roses, and sugarcane now exports only its educated professionals, who are fleeing by the tens of thousands. Although Zimbabwe has some of the richest farmland in Africa, children with distended bellies have begun arriving at school looking like miniature pregnant women.
izz aty

Index of All Group Games at Group games, ice breaker games, team building activities, y... - 0 views

www.group-games.com/index-of-all-group-games

games activities education icebreaking teamwork unity teaching fun lesson lesson plan resources references icebreakers

shared by izz aty on 06 Aug 11 - Cached
  • izz aty on 06 Aug 11
     
    Group games are shared experiences that are memorable and fun! They are great for promoting unity, teamwork, camaraderie, or for teaching valuable lessons. We've gathered our favorite games and provided instructions, rules, variations, and other useful information.
izz aty

Quotation Marks: Where Do the Periods and Commas Go--And Why? - 0 views

grammartips.homestead.com/inside.html

quotation marks punctuation grammar sentence english language language learning reference learning

shared by izz aty on 09 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • use a question mark or an exclamation point with a sentence that ends in a quotation, we follow the dictates of logic in determining where the question mark or exclamation point goes
  • part of the quotation itself, we put it inside the quotation marks, and if it governs the sentence as a whole but not the material being quoted, we put it outside the quotation marks
  • Universal American usage places commas and periods inside the quotation marks, regardless of logic.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • rule applies even when the unit enclosed at the end of the sentence is just a single word rather than an actual quotation
  • British don't do it that way.  They are inclined to place commas and periods logically rather than conventionally, depending on whether the punctuation belongs to the quotation or to the sentence that contains the quotation, just as we do with question marks and exclamation points.
  • when that last little item enclosed in quotation marks is just a letter or a number, in which case the period or comma will go outside the closing quotation marks
  • this comma and period inside the quotation marks business is strictly American usage
  • if another set of words or a parenthetical citation gets between the quoted material and the end of a sentence, then the comma or period will follow the intervening elements
  • even more important is the matter of consistency
  • if you are an American, you need to keep your commas and periods inside your closing quotation marks
  • only American printers were more attached to convenience than logic, since British printers continued to risk the misalignment of their periods and commas
izz aty

Rules for Charades - 0 views

www.cs.umd.edu/...charades.html

charades games references resources class ideas education language learning language esol learning english

shared by izz aty on 17 Aug 12 - Cached
  • izz aty on 17 Aug 12
     
    "Charades is a game of pantomimes: you have to "act out" a phrase without speaking, while the other members of your team try to guess what the phrase is. The objective is for your team to guess the phrase as quickly as possible."
izz aty

Comma splice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Comma_splice

grammar comma punctuation linguistics metalinguistics metalanguage english esol language learning learning resources reference education language esl

shared by izz aty on 30 Dec 13 - Cached
  • There are several ways to correct a comma splice:
  • Change the comma to a semicolon, dash, or colon:
  • Write the two clauses as two separate sentences:
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Use a semicolon plus a conjunctive adverb:
  • Make one clause dependent on the other:
  • Insert a coordinating conjunction following the comma:
  • splices are sometimes acceptable when the clauses are short and alike in form, such as: The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up. The famous sentence I came, I saw, I conquered falls into the same category.
  • often considered acceptable in poetic writing. The editors of the Jerusalem Bible translate Isaiah 11:4 as: His word is a rock that strikes the ruthless, his sentences bring death to the wicked
  • The British author Lynne Truss[9] observes: "so many highly respected writers observe the splice comma that a rather unfair rule emerges on this one: only do it if you're famous." She cites Samuel Beckett, E. M. Forster, and Somerset Maugham. "Done knowingly by an established writer, the comma splice is effective, poetic, dashing. Done equally knowingly by people who are not published writers, it can look weak or presumptuous. Done ignorantly by ignorant people, it is awful."
  • Comma splices are considered acceptable by some in passages of spoken (or interior) dialogue, and are sometimes used deliberately to emulate spoken language more closely.
izz aty

Muhyiddin: English a compulsory pass subject as early as 2016 - Nation | The Star Online - 0 views

www.thestar.com.my/...-subject-as-early-as-2016.aspx

english language learning language language education malaysia malaysian education

shared by izz aty on 03 Apr 14 - No Cached
  • Muhyiddin, who is also the Education Minister, said training English teachers was under the first wave of the National Education Development Plan (2013-2025).
  • "The second wave will start in 2016 and that is when we propose to implement the pass in English ruling," he said, adding that his ministry will again solicit feedback from stakeholders first, such as Parent Teacher Associations, before implementing this.
  • Muhyiddin said the command of English amongst students had also improved since the Government began promoting the use of the language several years ago."I am told that based on the existing SPM curriculum, only 20% students fail English every year."We are confident that we will be able to reduce this figure by then," he said.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • "Our target is for them to bilingually proficient in Bahasa Malaysia and English," he said.
  • "Since English is widely used internationally, we have little choice but to encourage our children to be proficient.
  • izz aty on 03 Apr 14
     
    "The proposal to make English a compulsory pass subject in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination could be implemented as early as 2016, Deputy Prime MInister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said Friday. Students who fail English will not receive their full certificate but will have the opportunity to re-sit the paper in July the following year, soon after the SPM results are released. Muhyiddin said in preparation for this, the Education Ministry had started training 61,000 English teachers to be more proficient in the language."
izz aty

Spelling Tips - Business Insider - 0 views

www.businessinsider.com/spelling-tips-2014-5

spelling english writing vocab esol

shared by izz aty on 10 Jun 14 - No Cached
  • Put "i" before "e" except when the letters come after "c" and sound like "ee" or when they sound like "ay" — with many exceptions.
  • The letter "u" always follows the letter "q."
  • Use "-acy" in all but four cases: apostasy, fantasy, ecstasy, and idiosyncrasy.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Words that take "-ery" often relate to nouns with "er" already included. 
  • If the part of the word before the ending can't stand alone as a complete word, you'll usually use "-ary" as in "library."
  • Use "-ify" in all cases but four: liquefy, putrefy, stupefy, and rarefy.
  • Many nouns (or adjectives) that take "-ory" relate to words with "or" already included.
  • If you pronounce the end of the word "zun," like "confusion," use "-sion."
  • If you pronounce the end of the word "shun, " like "station," you'll usually use "-tion."
  • To pluralize basic nouns and ones that end in a hard "ch" or "f," just add an "s."
  • When a word ends in soft "ch," "sh," "s," "x," or "z," add "-es."
  • If the verb ends in an unpronounced "e," like "bake" or "smile," drop the "e" and add the "-ed" or "-ing."
  • If the verb contains only one syllable, like "stop," or ends with a stressed syllable containing one vowel and a consonant, like "refer," double the final consonant before adding "-ed" and "-ing."
  • If the verb ends in a hard "c," like "traffic" or "panic," add a "k" before adding the ending.
  • If the verb ends in a "y," "ure," or "ear," add "-ance" to make it a noun.
  • If the verb contains "ere" at the end, you'll need "-ence" at the end to make it a noun. 
  • Adjectives And Adverbs
  • Spell a word with "-ible" when it can't stand alone or when it ends in a hard "c" or "g."
  • Spell a word with "-able" when it can stand alone.
  • Spell adjectives with "-ful."
  • Using the basic rule, you just add "-ly" to the end of an adjective to make it an adverb. But if the adjective contains two syllables and ends in "y," like happy, replace the final "y" with "-ily."
  • If the adjective ends with a consonant followed by an "e," like terrible, drop the "e" and add "ly."
izz aty

Romanticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/Romanticism

romanticism philosophy europe european history history world history literature arts art poetry

shared by izz aty on 11 May 14 - Cached
  • Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850
  • Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] it was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature
  • embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education[4] and the natural sciences.[5]
  • ...42 more annotations...
  • effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant
  • The movement validated intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities: both new aesthetic categories
  • r, and the distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape
  • made spontaneity a desirable characteristic
  • argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities, as conditioned by nature in the form of language and customary usag
  • Romanticism embraced the exotic, the unfamiliar, and the distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape
  • elevated folk art and ancient custom to a noble status
  • the events of and ideologies that led to the French Revolution planted the seeds from which both Romanticism and the Counter-Enlightenment sprouted
  • in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism" was offered as a polarized opposite to Romanticism
  • Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of 'heroic' individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society
  • In order to truly express these feelings, the content of the art must come from the imagination of the artist, with as little interference as possible from "artificial" rules dictating what a work should consist of
  • The importance the Romantics placed on untrammelled feeling is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that "the artist's feeling is his law"
  • vouched for the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art
  • the influence of models from other works would impede the creator's own imagination, so originality was absolutely essential
  • The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of "creation from nothingness", is key to Romanticism, and to be derivative was the worst sin
  • romantic originality.
  • a strong belief and interest in the importance of nature. However this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone
  • In contrast to the usually very social art of the Enlightenment, Romantics were distrustful of the human world, and tended to believe that a close connection with nature was mentally and morally healthy
  • in literature, "much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves"
  • by the middle of the 18th century "romantic" in English and romantique in French were both in common use as adjectives of praise for natural phenomena such as views and sunsets, in a sense close to modern English usage but without the implied sexual element
  • only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, and in 1824 the Académie française took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature
  • Romanticism is not easily defined, and the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought
  • Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place "roughly between 1770 and 1848"
  • In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different; musical Romanticism, for example, is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910, but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as "Late Romantic" and were composed in 1946–48.[23] However in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlie
  • early period of the Romantic Era was a time of war, with the French Revolution (1789–1799) followed by the Napoleonic Wars until 1815. These wars, along with the political and social turmoil that went along with them, served as the background for Romanticism
  • t was part of the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment, is generally accepted
  • ts relationship to the French Revolution which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period, is clearly important, but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions
  • ost Romantics can be said to be broadly progressive in their views, but a considerable number always had, or developed, a wide range of conservative views
  • In philosophy and the history of ideas, Romanticism was seen by Isaiah Berlin as disrupting for over a century the classic Western traditions of rationality and the very idea of moral absolutes and agreed values, leading "to something like the melting away of the very notion of objective truth",[27] and hence not only to nationalism, but also fascism and totalitarianism
  • The painter, the poet, the composer do not hold up a mirror to nature, however ideal, but invent; they do not imitate (the doctrine of mimesis), but create not merely the means but the goals that they pursue; these goals represent the self-expression of the artist's own unique, inner vision, to set aside which in response to the demands of some "external" voice — church, state, public opinion, family friends, arbiters of taste — is an act of betrayal of what alone justifies their existence for those who are in any sense creative
  • An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire: "Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in the way of feeling."
  • The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism, which affected literature, especially the novel and drama, painting, and even music, through Verismo opera
  • movement was led by France, with Balzac and Flaubert in literature and Courbet in painting; Stendhal and Goya were important precursors of Realism in their respective media
  • In literature, Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past, the cult of "sensibility" with its emphasis on women and children, the heroic isolation of the artist or narrator, and respect for a new, wilder, untrammeled and "pure" nature
  • Joseph maintained that invention and imagination were the chief qualities of a poet
  • 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist, a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament
  • Germany was a multitude of small separate states, and Goethe's works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism
  • Important motifs in German Romanticism are travelling, nature, and Germanic myths
  • The later German Romanticism of, for example, E. T. A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann (The Sandman), 1817, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff's Das Marmorbild (The Marble Statue), 1819, was darker in its motifs and has gothic elements
  • The significance to Romanticism of childhood innocence, the importance of imagination, and racial theories all combined to give an unprecedented importance to folk literature, non-classical mythology and children's literature, above all in Germany
  • The first collection of Grimms' Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm was published in 1812
  • Unlike the much later work of Hans Christian Andersen, who was publishing his invented tales in Danish from 1835, these German works were at least mainly based on collected folk tales, and the Grimms remained true to the style of the telling in their early editions, though later rewriting some parts
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History - Find den rigtige efterskole! Søg på fag, priser og ledige pladser. - 0 views

efterskole.dk/...History

denmark danish education education europe efterskole folk school schooling ESTEkiv

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  • 1851 the first Efterskole founded at Ryslinge, Fyn (Funen).
  • 1996 the Danish Parliament in a significant law reform tightens up and emphasises the conditions for receiving state funding: an Efterskole must (prove itself to) be free and independent. Under no circumstances may the school from a legal point of view have strong organisational and financial links to – or be dependent on – other schools or movements.
  • Each Efterskole must be truly free and independent, and "master in its own house". This puts even more responsibility on the school board.
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  • 2000 the latest Efterskole Act introduces a new rule that each Efterskole must define and describe its own (and specific) basic values. A critical self-evaluation must be made at the end of each school year.
  • 1994 municipal grants are made compulsory, which improves and equalises the economical conditions for students (and their parents) – independent of their local council. In the following years the result is evident: a broader section of the population can now afford to choose the Efterskole – and so they do. The 1994 act also transfers significantly more assessments, decisions, and responsibility from central level (Ministry of Education) to the local school board. Essential topics like the educational plan and the approval of a new headmaster lie from this point entirely in the hands of the school board.
  • 1967 the Efterskole is permitted to prepare students to pass some of the public final examinations. From this point the Efterskole ceases to be closely linked to the Folkehøjskole tradition – at least in the aspect of nonformal education. On the other hand, the Efterskole still offers the special educational environment linked to residential education, which is also an important aspect of the Folkehøjskole tradition and, in its educational practice, it has definitely not left the path of ‘enlightenment for life’. One could claim that from this point the Efterskole tries to balance between different educational ideas and requirements.
  • 1994 municipal grants are made compulsory, which improves and equalises the economical conditions for students (and their parents) – independent of their local council. In the following years the result is evident: a broader section of the population can now afford to choose the Efterskole – and so they do. The 1994 act also transfers significantly more assessments, decisions, and responsibility from central level (Ministry of Education) to the local school board. Essential topics like the educational plan and the approval of a new headmaster lie from this point entirely in the hands of the school board.
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