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Lee Rainie of Pew Internet & American Life Project Oct 20 2011

-mobile connectivity changes the way people interact with media, and how they learn -Internet adoption at home is at 78%, broadband at 62% -65% of Internet users utilize social media -as the speed of learning changes, social networks become more relevant in people's everyday lives -35% of adults own smartphones, which means they take the web/social networks with them (51% of Millenials own smartphones) *social networks are accessible anywhere, anytime -40% of adults use the smartphone as a primary internet connector

-texting is popular among younger users *how to sent/relate to users who text primarily? Tweets to phone? -the rise of smartphones means more access points for info *people can look for whatever they want, whenever they want... more real-time info access -"augmented reality" "a merger of real world and data" *layers of information arranged per need *networked connections are more established because of constant availability of network (via smartphone) *libraries can be a weak connection, there for information purposes? *an app/a networked friend/a connection! -small screen leads to "info-snacking" -mobile screens leads to more alone time together, a blurring of private and public spaces -people are more confident in searching (even to their detriment) -Old: knowledge is objective and certain (organized categorically) new: knowledge is subjective and provisional (organized organically) (learning as transaction versus learning as process)

**before SNSs -p348. possible uses on Internet to form social bonds *suppositions answered in many ways by the rise of the SNSs -p349 results of the HomeNet study showed Internet interrupted social relationships. However, there are a number of arguments against that occurrence -p377 Internet can both help and hinder people, depending in large part on existing personality characteristics -p377 People allow online and offline worlds to overlap *particularly with the rise of the SNSs

**written before the rise of the SNSs -"It has been hailed by two U.S. presidents as the ultimate weapon in the battle against totalitarianism and tyranny, and credited by Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan with creating a "new economy." (574) *foreshadowing the Arab Spring w/ Twitter... and SNSs participation of the overthrow of govts -quote by Manasian on p 574 (the Internet will change every aspect of our lives...) -digital divide is a concern, and it only gets worse -"Several scholars have contended that Internet communication is an impoverished and sterile form of social exchange compared to traditional face-to-face interactions, and will therefore produce negative outcomes (loneliness and depression) for its users as well as weaken neighborhood and community ties" (575) -"Others believe that the Internet affords a new and different avenue of social interaction that enables groups and relationships to form that otherwise would not be able to, thereby increasing and enhancing social connectivity" (575) -"First, each new technological advance in communications of the past 200 years-the telegraph, telephone, radio, motion pictures, television, and most recently the Internet-was met with concerns about its potential to weaken community ties" (Katz et al. 2001, p. 406) (576) *there are always concerns about the decline of the community, which are never fully realized

-"CMC (computer-mediated communication): viewed by some as an impoverished communication experience, with the reduction of available social cues resulting in a greater sense or feeling of anonymity *SNSs reduce the anonymity by creating online communities, and giving people cues by which to negotiate and validate truths and options

Economic and Statistics Administration:  68 percent of households used broadband Internet access service; almost one third are not accessing broadband at home.  Rural, low income minorities' access lagged behind other groups.

Nov 15, 2010 from slides: 93% of teens 12-17 are using Internet, 79% of adults 18 and over. 66% of homes have broadband; 70% of urban & suburban homes, but only 50% of rural homes. 2/3 of online adults and 3/4 of online teens are content creators. 50% of adults customize digital info flows (RSS feeds, etc.) Less likely to have broadband: high school education or less, senior citizen, rural resident, disabled, Arican-american. 85% of adults own cell phones. 2/3 of adults and 3/4 of teens use the cloud. 34% of Americans used Internet on a cell. 21% of American adults are not online. 1/3 of Americans used library computers in 2009: 40% seeking jobs/careers, 42% used it for education (homework, classes, degree prep) and 37% for health/wellness research on disease, diet, nutrition, doctors. "Those with a chronic disease are especially likely to reach out for support online." "Social media bridges generational gaps and provides a shared space for interaction."

*does use of Broadband correlate to use of social networks? (i.e. type and frequency?) *w/ the advent of wide-spread broadband availability, the consumers become the creators *as people can access anytime and anywhere, how does the library remain relevant in the online world? How to be sure the wide variety of library's population is represented in the online experience? *diverse networks more segmented and layered *social media can bridge generation gaps between seniors and younger users

May 2011: From slides: among those living below the poverty line who use library Internet connections: 61% of 14-24 year olds used it for school; 54% of poor seniors used it for health/wellness. 85% of adults are cell phone owners; in May 2010 76% used cell phones to take a picture, 72% to send or receive text messages; 54% send photo or video via cell phone; in 2010, 24% of cell phone users use apps. 69% of Internet users watch videos online

-rise of 'networked individualism' where groups decline as social media rises *SNS allow like-minded individuals to find each other and form support groups, even over long distances -"5th Estate of content contributors" -broadband access allows more people to create and remix content, and share it too -consequences for info ecosystem: volume, vibrance, velocity, (rele)valance *more content can be created, consumed and shared faster... SNSs just heighten that effect -know what users need from the library, and offer it via multiple access points online -cell phones are smartphones are social tools *your network in your pocket

-libraries now need to seek out people, rather than being the place where people came for information *librarians can still guide patrons to good info, and help imprint good online practices -libraries can be "nodes" or weak links in social networks *the network in the pocket, and the resource a patron uses when info is needed... weak links accessed only for info purposes are fine -patrons are not literate in the online world, despite what they think! *there's where librarians can take charge

Phone interviews in May 2011 with 2,277 adult internet users ages 18 and older p.2 65% of online adults use social networking sites; p3 Of young adult women ages 18-29 who are online, 89% use social networking sites, 69% on an average day. Highest usage skews toward female and younger, but no significant differences in usage by race, household income, geography and education level.

-in 2005, 8% of adults used SNSs, now the figure is at 65% -most users rate their SNS experiences as positive *great from a social capital standpoint, as they are more likely to keep accounts active, and pursue weak links in newsfeed -"Young adult women ages 18-29 are the power users of social networking", 89% have accts and 69% access them daily *target young adult women with ads on FB, maybe? use GIS data to appeal to interests of that group, and explain what the library can do for them -more adults are using social networks (driving the avg age of the user up considerably from the imagined age) -"As of May 2011, over eight in ten internet users ages 18-29 use social networking sites (83%), compared with seven in ten 30-49 year-olds (70%), half of 50-64 year-olds (51%), and a third of those age 65 and older (33%)." Positive Negative Neutral Notable (top ten) (top ten) (top ten) (mentioned only once) Good Boring Okay Nosey Fun Confusing Fine Omnipresent Great Frustrating Adequate Hog Wash Interesting Time-consuming Family Glitches Convenient Overwhelming Rarely Vulnerable Excellent Addictive All Right Crowded Easy Annoying Communication Stalking Awesome Addicting Seldom Influence Informative Mediocre Facebook Conformity Useful Overrated Infrequent Befuddled *how to work on changing those negative and neutral to positive associations... how to work the library in as a positive association? Infrequent users can be prompted via opt-in participation to log on and complete activities, post. Process needs to be secure, and easy to use for those who are frustrated with the SNS, etc. Address these concerns and you can generate stron

-"An interdisciplinary approach that brings together views and expertise from sociology, urban studies, interaction design, and related disciplines will assist with efforts to facilitate urban neighborhood community building, social inclusion, public consultation and debate, fair access to local information and services, urban sustainability, and healthier local economies." (66) *this interdisciplinary approach can work for libraries too! -""portfolio of sociability"" (67) *collection of virtual tools that help to establish and maintain connections (both close, weak and latent) -"The Internet has not substituted but supplemented off-line interaction with online interaction...the Internet as well as mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and personal digital assistants (PDA) allow people to maintain social ties in different ways by taking advantage of new features." (67) *people use these devices to strengthen already existing ties, not create new ones, mostly -"Wellman argues that, while people become more accustomed with the features these tools offer, the nature of the social ties that people establish and maintain changes from "door-to-door" and "place-to-place" relationships to "person-to-person" and "role-to-role" relationships. He creates a holistic theoretical framework that builds on the dual nature in the interplay between community and the individual. He describes the emerging qualities of this behavior as networked individualism." (67) *as location becomes less important, networks become more important. People are less attracted to that which is in their geographical area, and more inclined to seek out like-minded people in similar areas of interest

-"The act of reappropriation (e.g., from the professional use of a pager to the social use of SMS) implies that there are opportunities to design and develop purpose-built systems from the ground up, which, instead of merely trying to make ends meet, take the unique requirements into account of the social- and place-based context in which they are used. (67) *tech can be re-purposed to market and develop community ties *people used to have to deal with geographical restrictions, and created social networks from geography, not interest or desire. This led, for some people, to an atrophying of interests, due to lack of community. SNSs allow people to find other people with shared interests, and develop them. Libraries can assist in shared communities over SNSs by providing links and resources to a variety of information. -"Place and proximity continue to matter in every socioeconomic context, because there are no Internet applications that can completely substitute real-time, co-located, face-to-face interaction" (68) *engage them online, bring them into the library proper *neighborhood ties still matter, but now they are place-independent. While proximity matters for some interactions, the majority of social ties can be maintained independently of physical location

-In the absence of a common enemy, a shared purpose or a pre-existing village-like atmosphere, are there other reasons and motivations for social encounters to occur and for the formation of residential networks in urban neighborhoods? (72) *the idea of urban tribes, still loosely held together by geography but now also united by common interest (people can find each other in large cities) -"The findings of these sociological studies provide essential insights for a new design methodology that can guide the successful development of interactive systems and devices that can stimulate local interaction and animate urban neighborhoods." (73) *bring people to libraries! (even if they just visit online at an eBranch) *in order to be effective, people must participate in the design and implementation of the project. They have to have a voice. *no more one-way channels of broadcasting, there has to be communication and an exchange of ideas between institution and people in order to foster that sense of community *where the author talks about the size, growth and critical mass of the perceived system, he is talking about FB (refers to it as an "urban tribe incubator")

50 social media & Internet stats compiled by Ad Age.  Some examples: Twenty percent of searches on Google each day have never been searched for before; Nearly every large charity and university in America is on Facebook. Less than 60% of the Fortune 500 are.  Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are now considered cornerstones of most social-media strategies in larger companies.

Sept 2011: 78% have Internet at home, 61% have broadband at home; 83% of all adults have mobile devices and 73% of adult cell owners use text messaging at least occasionally; 35% own smartphones; 64% of cell phone users send photos or videos and 55% access social networking sites; 60% of cell phone users who are on Twitter use the cell phone to access Twitter. "New media are the new neighborhood." 48% of those active in groups say group has a social networking page on site such as Facebook; 42% say group uses text messaging; 30% say group has own blog; 16% say group uses Twitter.

*the new neighborhood is online. How to maintain relationships there? What is the library's role? "Sentry? Evaluator?" *each social network has its own etiquette, thus its own way of bridging and maintaining "social capital" *with the explosion of "creators and niches", how to remain relevant and visible? *if in the "information ecosystem" we are all alone together, then how do libraries fit? Lurking in the background, or always a friendly presence just around the corner? *technology allows the time to better-connected with groups... less effort to maintain social capital

as advances in technology increase, so does the importance of social networks in everyday lives. "Together we are more alone than ever" means that as we can carry our networks with us, and latent or weak connections become more important.

-online vs offline social networks: what is happening when more people go online? -possible ideas of sociotechnical capital revolving in a more cyclical fashion *other articles (find!) mentioned the idea of FB interactions rising and falling, this could be similar -Internet-Focused Social Capital Research (history of social capital on the internet) *early researchers adopted an either/or philosophy where time spent online devalued time spent offline. They failed to conceive of a world where social interactions could be valuable online. -as different mediums occupy time, it is important to note that social interactions can occur within the online medium (unlike tv) *mediums allow for interactions around the medium... can discuss what was on tv, share memes, etc -Putnam's concepts of "bridging" and "bonding": "bridging" social capital is inclusive. It occurs when individuals from different backgrounds make connections between social networks. "bonding" can be exclusive... The continued reciprocity found in bonding social capital provides strong emotional and substantive support and enables mobilization. *libraries want to bridge social connections and form weak ties with all patrons online *more and diverse ties to better reflect the community -matrix of social capital measures Online Bonding Offline Bonding Online Bridging Offline Bridging -Putnam suggested that the social capital derived from bridging, weak-tie networks is "better for linkage to external assets and for information diffusion" (2000, p. 22). *validates the idea that libraries need bridging, weak-ties for information diffusion *marketing on FB is info diffusion

**written before the rise of the SNSs -social capital can be seen as both social contact and civil engagement (113) *both of which can and do occur on SNSs -Putnam argues there is a general decline in American social capital (evidenced by less social activity, less family dinners, etc.) However he is only looking at one specific form of social capital, and the online environment has supplemented if not supplanted some of these areas (Putnam v Fischer debate) *in the past five years, social networks have sprung up that have strengthened ties in communities, and allowed those separated by geography to remain close -has urbanity killed the social vibrant pastoral communities of yore? No... just need to change the criteria a bit to account for the numerous ways people communicate nowdays -with industrialization came the age of the individual (114) -"community-multiplying nature of the Internet" (117) -people seek out others with common interests to share ideas *social capital is strengthened *need to be careful the social networks are not self-perpetuating, or they can become unhealthy

-"what patterns of connectivity emerge among group members because of the ties they maintain and the media they use" (127)

1. Own your voice, don't share it *locate and identify key words and phrases to appeal to patrons, don't copy or imitate 2. Resolve to be relevant -five need states: utility, entertainment, information, rewards and recognition *online pyramid of needs? How does it compare to Maslow? 3. Context is King, and Content is Queen -value = creativity + technology *relevant content + context is essential to connect with consumers 4. The Data is smarter, are you? *change the way the data is measured 5. They's changed the channel *98% of 18-24 yr olds use social media *use social media in new ways to catch consumers, and enhance brand prestige/awareness

p.13 24/7 SMS service consortium (2009): Alliance Library System, SJSU, TAP Information Services, Bradley University, South Central Regional Library Council & Altarama Information Systems. Article includes statistics on cell phone usage & texting from 2007 Pew Internet & American Life Project survey ("58 percent of Americans surveyed have sent or received text messages") and 2008 Student Monitor survey ("nearly nine in ten students own a cellular telephone"; "students spend 37.8 percent of their cellphone usage time texting")

-utilization of SMS reference services can establish a connection with patrons, and establish the library is receptive to new ideas -limitations to SMS services can be overcome -length: use URL shorteners or multiple texts, or use one text to invite the patron to call for a longer answer -SMS shorthand can be learned/acquired -SMS staffing can be an issue, but can be handled at multiple access points *people's changing perceptions of access and networking make SMS reference more feasible. *users want short pieces of info more frequently, perfect for the SMS format *with the rise of smartphones, URL shortened links can be sent and accessed immediately

From slides: Teen online activities: 94% do research for school, 81% research entertainment (movies, sports stars, TV shows, music), 57% watched videos, 55% research universities and schools, 48% bought something. Mentioned activities: fan fiction, teen remixed videos, rate the teacher, ebooks / texting, photo-taking and sharing, homework help. Typical number of texts per day: mean 112. median 50 (teen texters). 8% of teens 12-17 on Twitter.

-reading as a "social contact sport" *how to make the library meme-worthy for teens -94% of students do research for assignments online (steer them to the library how? Create events around exam time? Market the library's databases and librarians ready to assist, etc. Invest in YA eBooks that can be downloaded to devices -teens share, remix and blog more than then average population -avg teen sends 112 text/day *library SMS services can target teens -teens owning smartphones: 35% *mobile apps, games, video, SMS... all ways to target YA audience for libraries *teens are more likely to cross disciplines in research and writing... nothing is merely itself anymore, everything can be, and is connected to more

-"in local contexts, the internet holds the potential to grow strong communities of place which are rich in social capital." *social networks mimic neighborhoods in real life. A sense of community can be fostered online, by strengthening latent ties in the community. These latent ties, elevated into weak ties, can be sustained over distances, whereas a physical location relies mostly on geography -"Community could be defined as a collective problem-solving, resource-sharing, interactive and distinct segment of a communicative ecology or society." (31) *does the online environment contribute to the depersonalization of society? Or does it create new, closer connected communities of people with similar interests and goals? (People in neighborhoods may be united by geography, but that's all.) -"The ability to combine face-to-face interaction and local activism with the individuality and flexibility of the online environment is a key advantage of community networks" (34) *proximity is helpful,but so are shared interests. Combine both and the potential is unlimited -"The developer's attention has to shift from mere access to information to use of information. Otherwise these projects regularly result in sophisticated technical products, yet without a social concept it is unlikely that the community will accept them: 'If you build it, they will not necessarily come' (35) *especially key in areas of social media, where navigation of media is as important as a viable site

- table on p 36: System vs Community designs. -goal is ultimately to increase social capital both online and offline, and take ties in the online community to better growth in offline community -digital divide serves to reinforce already existing gaps, and further weakens the community

same as infographic posted above, basically -56% of Americans think its irresponsible to friend your boss 83% of women are ignored by their FB friends -avg user spends 7 hrs 46 min/month on FB -FB links about sex are shared 90% more than average -Top liked pages: FB, Eminem, Texas Hold-em Poker, Rihanna, YouTube -Top non-Internet liked brands: Coke, Oreos, Disney, MTV, Starbucks -is FB skewed more Dem? Obama has 23 million likes, nearest Repub (Sarah Palin) has 3.1 m likes

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