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The present study will also be helpful with regard to the standardization of bioactive content in plant materials.

Sea buckthorn

Plants contain small amounts of lead, which may significantly increase when exposed to lead contamination in the soil and air; however, lead was not detected in the examined leaves of dandelion and sea buckthorn.

neutralize ABTS

by PCR. F

Based on the results of the VlvSTS gene transcription analysis, seven transgenic tobacco lines were selected for further experiments.

Expression of the VlvSTS gene in tobacco plants led to a significant increase in the pollen grain size, but with a tendency to a decrease in the total number of pollen grains per anther

In all tests with E. carotovora bacteria, transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene demonstrated a significantly higher resistance versus control plants

The leaf involvement was significantly smaller in transgenic plants expressing the VlvSTS gene.

Overexpression of the VlvSTS gene reduced the corolla pigmentation in transgenic plants.

binary vector

showed a significant fertility reduction,

For the first time it was shown that plants expressing the VlvSTS gene had enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen E. carotovora subsp. carotovora B15.

We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. At the same time, the number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene.

For example, in apple plants with the grape stilbene synthase gene Vst1 under its own promoter, the expression of the gene had no effect on pollen development

The study showed that the expression of a VlvSTS stilbene syntase gene in tobacco transgenic plants increases their resistance to bacterial pathogen E. carotovora. There was a significant reduction of disease symptoms after infection of leaves by grey mould fungus B. cinerea, but not to Fusarium fungi. We were the first to show that transgenic tobacco plants carrying the VlvSTS gene had a significantly larger pollen grain size and a smaller number of pollen grains per anther. The number of fertile pollen grains decreased, especially in the plant line with the highest expression of the VlvSTS gene. These changes resulted in a decreased weight of seed bolls in the transgenic tobacco lines.

. EGCG was able to restore the activity of aztreonam against MDR P. aeruginosa . The data presented support further evaluation of the aztreonam–EGCG combination and highlight its potential for use in clinical medici

Polyphenols

Chemicals, media, bacterial isolates and animals

To access synergy between aztreonam and EGCG, checkerboard assays were performed

In conclusion, the results from this study demonstrate that synergy exists between aztreonam and EGCG against MDR clinical strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo. EGCG is also able to restore the antibacterial activity of aztreonam to concentrations below the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint for P. aeruginosa , potentially expanding and extending its useful therapeutic lifespan. Further work should be undertaken to determine if this combination has the potential to treat clinical infections caused by MDR P. aeruginosa .

With DRE having proven its efficacy in successfully killing this aggressive, chemoresistant form of skin cancer, DRE toxicity on normal cells had to be evaluated

DRE was found to reduce cell viability in a dose-dependent fashion, over time, in A375 melanoma cells as was measured by WST-1 assay. Based on metabolic activity of A375s, it was confirmed that treatment at 2.5 mg/mL DRE resulted in ~50% reduction in cell viability against control within 24 hours (Figure 1(a))

Higher doses were then used and a response was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (

Typical apoptotic morphology was observed in G361 cells treated with DRE starting at 5 mg/mL concentrations for 72 hours

) is more than a worthy chemopreventative, it is fast-acting, nontoxic, and therefore specific in its targeting of human melanoma cancer cells, making it a valuable chemotherapeutic. We have investigated the induction of apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells and observed its long-term effects in human melanoma cancer.

We are yet to determine the effect of each of the individual components (such as the family of triterpene alcohols and phenolic acids—found in the roots—and cinnamic acids, flavinoids and coumarins—that are found in the leaves

Given that DRE has traditionally been used naturopathically for a variety of ailments, we assume that it would be relatively nontoxic to healthy cells. Our results show that the Normal Human Fibroblasts (NHFs) (which were treated at a low population doubling where NHFs have the best proliferation rate) and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells remained unaffected and healthy after a 96-hour and 48- hour exposure to DRE, respectively (Figures 2(a)–2(d)).

Lupeol,

taraxasterol

More importantly, an increase in ROS production indicates prooxidant behaviour of DRE on cancer cell mitochondria, which is contrary to the antioxidant convictions of traditional medicine and previous studies on Taraxacum extracts citing reductions in NO, ROS, RNS, and COX-2 [10, 11] in mouse macrophages.

There are two main points that must be stated here: firstly, that noncancerous cells are unaffected by DRE treatment, and secondly, melanoma cells retain the signals to commit suicide long after DRE has been removed from the system

By 48 hours, human melanoma A375 cells uncharacteristically showed susceptibility to apoptosis induction by DRE

We believe that this nontoxic extract can undergo precipitous translation from bench top to bedside, with dandelion products that are already commercially available in the form of tea and supplements.

the effect of a very low dose of LA (0.1 mg/kg) was potentiated by the same dose of pentoxifylline (PTX), a known TNF-alpha inhibitor. L

rich in triterpenes

Carrageenan-induced mice paw edema

LA (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced both phases of the formalin test, and the results were significant at the two higher doses. However, the effects were mainly on the 2nd phase with 61% inhibition, whereas the 1st phase was inhibited by 41% at the LA dose of 50 mg/kg, i.p. The naloxone pretreatment completely reversed the LA effect, in the 1st and 2nd phases, indicating the participation of the opioid system in LA antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions.

On the other hand, while no significant enzyme release was observed with LA at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 25 μg/mL, a small but significant LDH release (around 2 times) was detected with the higher LA concentration (50 μg/mL), probably related to the presence of 0.2% Tween 80.

The results show that LA at the concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL presents no radical scavenging capacity. On the contrary, vitamin E used as the reference drug significantly decreased the absorbance value, as related to controls

In the carrageenan-treated groups pretreated with LA (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.), there were significant reductions of iNOS expressing cells.

Lupeol is found in several other species and its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities have been already demonstrated [24–28]. It is accepted that the anti-inflammatory property of lupeol often accompany its immune modulatory and anti-tumor action

lupeol acetate presents an anti-inflammatory activity by regulating TNF-alpha and IL-2 specific mRNA, besides upregulating the synthesis of IL-10 mRNA [31].

In the present work, we showed that lupeol acetate (LA, 93.2% purity) isolated from the H. drasticus latex presented a potent anti-inflammatory action, in several models of inflammation in mice

These authors concluded that lupeol possessed an anti-inflammatory activity which is probably related to its ability to prevent the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-1β.