Long ago, Buddhism began to spread southwards from its place of origin in
northern India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China and other South East
Asian countries. It also moved northwards into the Himalayan kingdoms (Sikkim,
Bhutan, Nepal), Tibet, Mongolia and other parts of Central Asia, and also
into China, Korea and Japan.
Hinduism has, however, spread to other parts of the world. It has spread as a result of Hindu kings conquering non-Hindu lands; it has spread as a result of colonization and then globalization; and in the modern period it has spread as a result of westerners adopting, and converting to, Hindu practices and beliefs. Hindu kings began to make forays into Sri Lanka and parts of southeast Asia as early as the 7th century C.E. Hinduism was a major cultural force in much of Southeast Asia
They do not bear arms, and do
not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the
edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. With fifty men we
could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.
Does this mean that Nobles used the "courts" as a way to make money?
he court did not act in the public interest, as with us, but waited until the plaintiff requested service. Moreover, until the case had been decided, the accuser and the accused received the same treatment. Both were imprisoned; and the plaintiff who lost his case suffered the same penalty which the defendant, had he been found guilty, would have undergone.
not require the accuser to prove his case by calling witnesses and having them give testimony. The burden of proof lay on the accused, who had to clear himself of the charge,
Feudal Justice - The Ordeals
Ordeals, however, formed a method of appealing to God, the results of which could be immediately observed.
A form of trial which especially appealed to the warlike nobles was the judicial duel - a trial by combat. The accuser and the accused fought with each other; and the conqueror won the case. God, it was believed, would give victory to the innocent party, because he had right on his side.
the Alps and the Apennines, helped to protect Rome from invasion.
Any army attempting to attack Rome would be at risk of attack from the other side of the mountains.
seal off the peninsula from the rest of Europe during winter. This natural roadblock protected Rome from outside invasions by forcing attackers to move slowly through narrow passes, giving the Romans time to respond.
these mountains helped Romans greatly while others come to attack. It would usually end up as Rome winning because they have time to prepare for the attack
volcanic ash made the soil near Rome some of the best in all of Europe. Rome attracted new settlers during its rise to power due to its agricultural potentia
The Roman population grew quickly, thanks to surplus production of grains, olives and other crops. The extra population later helped Rome's military expansion by providing a large supply of troops.
establish trade ties with other Mediterranean powers, enhancing the city's economic might.
How did the Tiber River help to make Rome and economic Powerhouse in the Ancient World.
position at the center of the Mediterranean Sea. As Smith notes, the Italian Peninsula is only 50 miles from Greece, while Sicily is less than 100 miles from Africa. Rome is also a short voyage by boat from Spain and only a few days' journey to France on horseback. Its central location made Rome a desirable trading post even before the city's rise to power. This centrality later helped the Romans administer their empire effectively by reducing communication times.
Several geographic advantages helped Rome to grow and ultimately dominate the known world.
People should get the same human rights online just like in life
Moreover, governments are now regularly acquiring powerful surveillance technology from private firms, as Surveillance Industry Index shows. According to Privacy International, the surveillance industry routinely disregards human rights considerations
The government and surveillance industry doesn't ever really consider the human rights.
attacks on online activists, as well as growing internet shutdowns. These obstructions and attacks impact on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly, but also create economic costs, affecting entire economies and individual businesses.
Companies in the ICT sector can be involved in this limiting of digital freedoms, either directly, or by facilitating violations by governments and/or abuses by other firms.
Internet, mobile, and telecommunications companies’ policies and practices can also positively affect users’ freedom of expression and privacy, including those of defenders, especially when they work together.
Technology can also be positive in the human rights.
whose company members commit to uphold principles of freedom of expression and privacy. You can learn how ICT companies are upholding human rights online and offline
painting, sculpture, and architecture. Paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious topics.
began in northern Italy
Arab scholars preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks in their libraries. When the Italian cities traded with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along with goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient past, served as the basis of the Renaissance.
William Shakespeare.
Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the world.
The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to spread new ideas.
Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons.
The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to
The reason why Europeans all the sudden are now curious and are now investigating the world around them is that after the black death and the crusades, people became more humanist and farther away from religion, so this causes two things: First, religion was keeping others from wondering what everything is, (since religion would make an answer for the questions people had,) keeping everyone together in one place. Second, Christianity at that time had a pretty bad relationship with Muslims, so now that people aren't letting their Religion tell them what to do, people will go past those religious laws for the sack of curiosity.
Rich families became patrons and commissioned great art. Artists advanced the Renaissance style of showing nature and depicting the feelings of people.
Crusaders returned to Europe with a newfound understanding of the world.
The invention of the printing press encouraged literacy and helped to spread new ideas.
Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons.
The development of financial techniques such as bookkeeping and credit allowed merchants to prosper
Since the dark ages are now over, and now it's the "DAWN" of a new age, this could imply that, the "DARK AGES," was the night/hibernation of technology and/or knowledge and information, and now that it is now the "DAWN," we could infer that this could mean that technology and knowledge, are awakening.
Renaissance
Reformation
History >>
Renaissance for Kids
The Reformation occurred during Renaissance times. It was a split in the Catholic Church where a new type of Christianity called Protestantism was born.
More People Reading the Bible
During the Middle Ages, few people other than monks and priests knew how to read and write. However, with the Renaissance, more and more people became educated and learned how to read. At the same time, the printing press was invented allowing for new ideas, as well as scriptures of the Bible, to be easily printed and distributed. People were able to read the Bible for themselves for the first time.
Martin Luther
The popular statement, " From here to
Timbuktu." conjures up images of remote, isolated and distant parts
of this earth. Very few people are aware of this ancient city's location,
and fewer still ascribe any kind of civilization to this historic area.
Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge
of the sahara.
The historic town of Timbuktu is located at the precise point where the
Niger flows northward into the southern edge of the desert. As a result
of its unique geographical position, Timbuktu has been a natural meeting
point of Songhai, Wangara,Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs. According to the inhabitants
of Timbuku, gold came from the south, the salt from the north and the
Divine knowledge, from Timbuktu. Timbuktu is also the cross-road where
"the camel met the canoe." It is to this privilege position
that the city owes much of its historical dynamism. From the 11th century
and onward, Timbuktu became an important port where goods from West Africa
and North Africa were traded.
Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt were traded in Timbuktu
for gold. The prosperity of the city attracted both black scholars, blacks
merchants and Arabs traders from North Africa. Salt, books and gold were
very much in demand at that time.
he first constructions in Timbuktu were designed by African architects
from Djenne and later on by Muslim architects from North Africa. Trade
and knowledge were at their height.
Timbuktu became a celebrated center of Islamic learning
and a commercial establishment. Timbuktu had three universities and 180
Quranic schools. These universities were the Sankore University, Jingaray
Ber University and Sidi Yahya University. This was the golden
age of Africa. Books were not only written in Timbuktu, but they were
also imported and copied there. There was an advanced local book copying
industry in the city. The universities and private libraries contained
unparalleled scholarly works. The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba
who was among those forcibly exiled in Morocco claimed that his library
of 1600 books had been plundered, and that his library, according to him,
was one of the smaller in the city.
The booming economy of Timbuktu attracted the attention of the Emperor
of Mali, Mansa Mussa (1307-1332) also known as “Kan Kan Mussa.”
He captured the city in 1325. As a Muslim, Mansa Mussa was impressed with
the Islamic legacy of Timbuktu. On his return from Mecca, Mansa Mussa
brought with him an Egyptian architect by the name of Abu Es Haq Es Saheli.
The Emperor also brought Arabs scholars to Timbuktu. To his great surprise,
the Emperor has found that these scholars are underqualified compared
to the black scholars of Timbuktu
Mansa Mussa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 had made Mali known worldwide.
The great rulertook 60,000 porters with him. Each porter carried 3 kilograms
of pure gold, that is, 180,000 kilograms or at least 180 tons of gold
(Reference: Volume IV UNESCO General History of Africa, pages 197-200).
He had so much gold with him that when he stopped in Egypt, the Egyptian
currency lost its value and as result, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared
on the 14th century world map.