Skip to main content

Home/ History with Holman/ Group items tagged Christians

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
David W

Pope Urban II orders first Crusade - Nov 27, 1095 - HISTORY.com - 5 views

www.history.com/...-urban-ii-orders-first-crusade

shared by David W on 07 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of "Deus vult!" or "God wills it!"
  • By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land—the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East—had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to the birthplace of their religion, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban for help. This was not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Urban. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks.
  • Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their in-fighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • European nobles were tempted by the prospect of increased land holdings and riches to be gained from the conquest. These nobles were responsible for the death of a great many innocents both on the way to and in the Holy Land, absorbing the riches and estates of those they conveniently deemed opponents to their cause. Adding to the death toll was the inexperience and lack of discipline of the Christian peasants against the trained, professional armies of the Muslims. As a result, the Christians were initially beaten back, and only through sheer force of numbers were they eventually able to triumph
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 07 Mar 12
       
      God Wills it  -- this was the call.  All who went on Crusade were to paint a RED cross on their shirt to show they were on a mission for GOD. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
       So Jews, Christians and Muslims all "share" the holy land.  But the Muslim Turks closed the pilgrimage route and said they were going to attack their neighbors, so Byzantine Emperor asks for help and Pope URBAN II sees a way to gain more power.  And The crusades begin. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
      Urban asks rich (Kings/Nobles) and poor (peasants) alike to travel and free the holy land. He did not tell the whole truth, but added a little to make it sound worse.  Then he promised "A FREE PASS TO HEAVEN" for all who go and destroy Muslims.  The words Absolution (forgiveness) and Remission (take away) all sins=your free pass. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
      People did not just go to "Serve G-D" but to gain wealth and power.  Christians only win one time and then lose the next six Crusades, but the impact of these events changed history forever. 
    • Nicole G
      Nicole G on 10 Mar 13
       
      Pope Urban II died in 1099 that was two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem and The Christians won and made it back to the Europe. 
    • parker g
      parker g on 10 Mar 15
       
      Truuuu
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 Mar 15
       
      This is the key phrase: promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.  What does this mean? 
    • Kanrry K
      Kanrry K on 11 Mar 15
       
      It means that your sins will be forgiven.
    • David W
      David W on 08 Mar 16
       
      This is the beginning of all wars.
John Woodbridge

Why did people go on pilgrimages in the Middle Ages? | The Free Resource for Kids - 0 views

www.thefreeresource.com/pilgrimages-in-the-middle-ages

Quest 5 Religion

shared by John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • For most people, all that sustained them was a sense of hope and belief in a better world to come with salvation in Jesus Christ.
  • undertaking a long and arduous pilgrimage was a way for people to ask God to perform a miracle on their behalf
  • demonstrate their repentance for any sins they might have committed
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Going on a pilgrimage was also the only way a poor person could see some of the world
  • Pilgrimage sites in Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem were important landmarks of places where significant events occurred in the Christian narrative. There were many holy places throughout Europe for those who could only make shorter pilgrimages.
  • Christian authorities either destroyed these sites or replaced them with Christian significance.
  • they sanctified the former places of idol worship and encouraged the common people to continue making pilgrimages to these places
  • The masses often worshipped pagan idols and had many shrines and sacred places which were associated with those idols
  • Crusaders returning from the Holy Land brought back many relics that were placed in churches throughout Europe.
  • John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13
     
    describes why people went on pilgrimages, where they went, and how the church promoted the idea of pilgrimage
Angela Pettigrew

History of Christianity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

en.wikipedia.org/...History_of_Christianity

Religion Spread History christianity

shared by Angela Pettigrew on 14 Dec 11 - Cached
  • Christianity was founded in the 1st century by the followers of Jesus of Nazareth who they believed to be the Christ or chosen one of God.
  • Peter, Matthew, James and John,
  • influenced by accounts of his teachings such as the Gospel writers Mark and Luke,
  • ...3 more annotations...
    • Angela Pettigrew
      Angela Pettigrew on 14 Dec 11
       
      Christianity spread initially from Jerusalem throughout the Near East. In the 4th century it was successively adopted as the state religion by Armenia in 301, Ethiopia in 325, Georgia in 337, and then the Roman Empire in 380. It became common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages and expanded throughout the world during Europe's Age of Exploration from the Renaissance onwards to become the world's largest religion.[1]
  • as Paul of Tarsus who actively encouraged the founding of Christian communities or "churches" after his conversion.
  • Christianity spread initially from Jerusalem throughout the Near East. In the 4th century it was successively adopted as the state religion by Armenia in 301, Ethiopia in 325, Georgia in 337, and then the Roman Empire in 380. It became common to all of Europe in the Middle Ages and expanded throughout the world during Europe's Age of Exploration from the Renaissance onwards to become the world's largest religion.[1]
John Woodbridge

Medieval beliefs about sin and forgiveness » English Lit Resources from Cross... - 1 views

www.crossref-it.info/...iefs-about-sin-and-forgiveness

Quest 5 Religion

shared by John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Sin, in Christian teaching, consists of disobedience to the known will of God
  • Medieval Church inherited and taught the doctrine of original sin, the belief that all human beings share in collective guilt as a result of the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden in the Fall of Humankind, together with an ongoing predisposition to disobey God
  • needed to be cleansed through baptism
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • taking part in this, believers symbolically shared in the victory paid for – and won by - Christ over the power of sin (known as the atonement).
  • Celebrating mass
  • Everyone
  • sermons that people learnt Bible
  • few laypeople had direct access to the text of the Bible.
  • Sermons had several functions:
  • The idea of purgatory was based on the obvious fact that most people are neither extremely good nor extremely evil.
  • To educate people about the Christian faith and the Church’s rituals and practices To make known the contents of the Bible, the Church’s interpretations of the Bible, and also the lives of saints To help people understand the system of confession and to prepare for their confession to their parish priest in a careful way To explain about sin and virtues.
  • Venial sins were relatively small faults and shortcomings. The individual could confess these privately to God Mortal, or ‘deadly’, sins were wrong acts committed consciously and deliberately. They therefore placed the soul in serious danger and the Church taught that, in normal circumstances, they could only be forgiven through the sacrament of penance and by confession to a priest.
  • believed that being too absorbed in the life of the body and material things was bad for the soul.
  • The simple food monks and nuns were supposed to keep to The regular fasting periods that all Christians observed during the Church year.
  • repentance means the person wants to turn away from undertaking wrong behaviour and actively decides to do so henceforward.
  • The priest would hear the confession and talk to the penitent to ascertain that they truly repented and resolved to do better in future. The priest then pronounced absolution, declaring that Christ forgave the sins of the truly repentant.
  • Penance  This means an action which demonstrates that someone has repented of their sins. The priest might order a penitent, for example, to do one of the following for a period: Go on pilgrimage Fast (abstain from food) Donate alms to the Church or the poor.
  • knowledge of the Christian faith came, above all, from preaching and teaching, week by week from parish priests.
  • people,
  • would not go straight to heaven after death either. Instead, they would spend a period in the spiritual state of purgatory where they could ‘pay for’ / atone for sins committed on earth
  • It was believed that, whilst still alive, people could undertake deeds that would speed either themselves (in the future) or a dead friend or relative through this process
  • John Woodbridge on 12 Feb 13
     
    Discussion of sin, celebration of mass, importance of a sermon, confession, repentance, confession, penance, and purgatory
Brian K.

Spread of Christianity - 2 views

www.unrv.com/...spread-christianity.php

Christianity Spread

shared by Brian K. on 04 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Christianity emerged as a leading religion in the Imperial Roman age for a variety of factors.
  • Christianity had many similarities to other cults that had already gained widespread acceptance.
  • Brian K. on 04 Nov 11
     
    How Christianity spread.
Alex Orloff

The Spread of Christianity - 1 views

www.jewishhistory.org/the-spread-of-christianity

shared by Alex Orloff on 13 Dec 11 - No Cached
  • In the beginning of the second century it looked as if Christianity would die out.
  • it probably would have died out if not for a man named Paul of Tarsus.
  • raised a Pharisee. He converted to Christianity
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Christianity spread like a wildfire
  • Almost one third of the Roman Empire became Christian in little more than 100 years.
  • 400s, when Rome was finally conquered
  • Kyle S on 13 Dec 11
     
    A very detailed site.
Shira H

Middle Ages Religion - 1 views

www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-religion.htm

shared by Shira H on 14 Feb 12 - Cached
    • Shira H
      Shira H on 14 Feb 12
       
      Religion in the middle ages Has good information for quest 5 
  • In 1054 there was a split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches prompted by arguments over the crusades. This split was called the Great Schism. The Great Western Schism occurred in in Western Christendom from 1378 - 1417. This was caused by an Italian pope called Pope Urban IV being elected and establishing the papal court in Rome. The French disagreed with this and elected a French Pope who was based in Avignon. The schism in western Christendom was finally healed at the Council of Constance and the Catholic religion was referred to as the Roman Catholic Religion.
  • With it's own laws, lands and taxes The Catholic church was a very powerful institution which had its own laws and lands. The Catholic Church also imposed taxes
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • collecting taxes,
  • Church also accepted gifts of all kinds from individuals who wanted special favors or wanted to be certain of a place in heaven. The power of the Catholic Church grew with its wealth. The Catholic Church was then able
  • Opposition to the Catholic Church would result in excommunication. This meant that the person who was excommunicated could not attend any church services, receive the sacraments and would go straight to hell when they died
  • During the Dark Ages and Early Middle Ages the only accepted Christian religion was the Catholic religion. The word Catholic derives from the Middle English  word 'catholik' an
  • Christians, such as Saint Ignatius of Antioch, who was martyred in c110, used the term 'catholic' to describe the whole Church
  • The Christian church was divided geographically between the west (Rome) and the east (Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch).
  • growth in the power of the Christian Church which was then referred to as the Catholic religion
  • tianit
Zack Z

Maps-Christianity - 0 views

www.worldreligions.psu.edu/maps-christianity.htm

shared by Zack Z on 20 Nov 12 - Cached
  • Zack Z on 20 Nov 12
     
    This is a great map of the spread of Christianity
Meghan O

How Christianity Spread Throughout The Roman Empire (Europe) - YouTube - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

ancient Rome christianity

shared by Meghan O on 26 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • danielle k on 26 Nov 12
     
    the spread of religan
  • Bryce W on 26 Nov 12
     
    A video for the spread of Christianity.  
  • Nicole G on 27 Nov 12
     
    Christianity spread the Roman Empire. 
cglosser c

Protestant Reformation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Protestant_Reformation

shared by cglosser c on 03 May 13 - Cached
  • rotes
  • The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants.
  • The largest of the new churches were the Lutherans
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • This, as well as many other factors, such as spread of Renaissance ideas and inventions, such as the invention of the printing press, and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, contributed to the creation of Protestantism.[1][page needed][2][page needed]
  • It was sparked by the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses.
  • The Reformation was precipitated by earlier events within Europe, such as the Black Death and the Western Schism, which eroded people's faith in the Catholic Church and the Papacy that governed it.
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
       
      Martin Luther had followers in the Reformation.
  • The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
       
      The church faced big problems.
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
       
      This man's name was Martin Luther. He is an important figure in the Reformation.
  • Religious situation in Europe
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
       
      Peasants were involved in the Reformation as well.
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
       
      Martin Luther made a bible of his own.
  • george S on 05 May 13
     
    Informational text on the reformation 
  • cglosser c on 21 Apr 14
     
    This is a wikipedia article explaining the Reformation.
Garth Holman

Medieval Art and Art History - 0 views

www.arthistory.net/...medievalart1.html

art history middleage art

shared by Garth Holman on 13 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • The medieval period of art history spans from the fall of the Roman Empire in 300 AD to the beginning of the Renaissance in 1400 AD
  • he Catholic Church financed many projects, and the oldest examples of Christian art survive in the Roman catacombs, or burial crypts beneath the city.
  • Medieval artists decorated churches and works for public appreciation using classical themes. For example, Roman mosaics made of small stone cubes called tesserae offered Christian scenery.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Early Christian mosaics used muted colors like classical mosaics, but in the fourth century, mosaicists moved to brighter colors and patterns.
  • Romanesque architecture symbolized the growing wealth of European cities and the power of Church monasteries.
  • The Gothic style developed in the middle of the twelfth century and is named after the Goths who ruled France.
  • Human forms such as the Madonna and Baby Jesus evolve from large heads on small bodies in Early Christianity to abstract forms in the Romanesque era. In the Gothic era, the Madonna and Child are more naturalistic with tall, bony figures.
jashapiro j

Timeline for the Crusades and Christian Holy War - 0 views

usna.edu/...crusades_timeline.htm

shared by jashapiro j on 06 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • The crusades were a series of holy wars called by popes with the promise of indulgences for those who fought in them and directed against external and internal enemies of Christendom for the recovery of Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people. 
  • crusading was an act of Christian love and piety that compensated for and paid the penalties earned by sin. 
  • crusades were fought not only in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, but in Spain, the Baltic (Latvia and Prussia), Italy, Sicily, and southern France. 
  • Garth Holman on 06 Mar 14
     
    Higher level reading, but lots of details.
Ya'Riah P

The Spread Of Christianity In Ancient Rome By: Maggie Smith - YouTube - 1 views

www.youtube.com/watch

christianity youtube middle Rome government History Greece MiddleAges ancient greek

shared by Ya'Riah P on 27 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • Ya'Riah P on 27 Nov 12
     
    The Spread of Christianity in Ancient Rome 
Garth Holman

Spain and America: From Reconquest to Conquest - North Carolina Digital History - 1 views

www.learnnc.org/...1677

shared by Garth Holman on 19 May 14 - Cached
  • had been isolated from each other for 10,000 years.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 May 14
       
      If they have been isolated, how would that make them different? 
  • the human inhabitants of the “old” and “new” worlds developed vastly different cultures, languages, and religions; they found different ways of adapting to their different envinronments; and their bodies over hundreds of generations became resistant to the diseases of their different worlds. When the two great land masses were rejoined by European exploration, the resulting exchange of people, crops, animals, ideas, and diseases — called the “Columbian exchange” — changed both worlds forever.
  • Within a hundred years this small European nation had claimed the better part of two continents
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • disease.
  • They go as naked as their mothers bore them, even the women, though I only saw one girl, and she was very young. All those I did see were young men, none of them more than thirty years old.… They do not carry arms and do not know of them, because I showed them some swords and they grasped them by the blade and cut themselves out of ignorance
  • They ought to make good slaves for they are of quick intelligence, since I notice that they are quick to repeat what is said to them, and I believe that they could very easily become Chirstians, for it seemed to me that they had no religion of their own. God willing, when I come to leave I will bring six of them to Your Highnesses so that they may learn to speak
  • Columbus believed he had every right to take their land and make them into “servants.
  • With the native population gone, the Spanish began to import slaves from Africa to grow their sugar cane
  • superiority to their enemies who had rejected Christianity, and they developed rules of war based on that superiority — including the right to enslave the people they conquered. Once Spain was reconquered, Muslims and Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or be expelled from Spain.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 May 14
       
      Forced + Fled = INQUISITION
  • In 1519 Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico from Cuba with 11 galleons, 550 men, and 16 horses — the first horses on the American continent. Within two years his conquistadores, conquerors, had won control of the Aztec kingdom that spanned most of present-day Mexico and Central America.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 May 14
       
      How could this happen?  How could an empire of millions be destroyed and conquered by 550 men? 
  • One of Cortés’ soldiers had smallpox, and he started an epidemic that killed a third of the population of the Aztec empire.
  • Cortés for the deity Quetzalcoátl, or Plumed Serpent, who according to prophesy would return from the east to reclaim his kingdom — perhaps in 1519. When Cortés arrived — from the east, with fair skin, riding four-legged creatures never before seen in Mexico, wearing shining armor and looking for all the world like someone who wanted to reclaim a kingdom — Moctezuma feared that he might be Quetzalcoátl and did not immediately meet him in battle.
  • What Cortés and his men saw in Tenochtitlán horrified them.
  • The Spanish, more convinced than ever of their superiority, forced most of the people of Mexico to convert to Christianity. Priests burned Aztec books and destroyed idols and temples. Indigenous people were enslaved to work in gold mines. Disease reduced the population of Mexico from more than 20 million when Cortés arrived in 1519 to about 2 million by 1600.
  • By the 1600s, Spain was easily the most powerful kingdom in Europe.
  • We can estimate very surely and truthfully that in the forty years that have passed, with the infernal actions of the Christians, there have been unjustly slain more than twelve million men, women, and children. In truth, I believe without trying to deceive myself that the number of the slain is more like fifteen million.…
  • They attacked the towns and spared neither the children nor the aged nor pregnant women nor women in childbed, not only stabbing them and dismembering them but cutting them to pieces as if dealing with sheep in the slaughter house.
  • With still others, all those they wanted to capture alive, they cut off their hands and hung them round the victim’s neck, saying, “Go now, carry the message,” meaning, Take the news to the Indians who have fled to the mountains.
mbonvenuto18

Pilgrimage - 0 views

www.medieval-life-and-times.info/...pilgrimage.htm

shared by mbonvenuto18 on 16 Feb 18 - No Cached
  • Definition of a Pilgrimage Definition of a Pilgrimage: A Pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place or shrine undertaken as a spiritual quest to obtain supernatural help or as a form of penance for sins. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a pilgrimage. The word 'pilgrimage' is derived from the Latin word peregrinus meaning foreignerand peregri meaning abroad translated as a traveller in foreign lands. The word 'peregrinatio' was used by Augustine of Hippo 354-430AD , who was considered to be the writer of some of greatest theological works of all time, to describe a Christian spiritual journey as a kind of estrangement and exile - a wanderer. The earliest surviving references to Christian pilgrimage date back to the 4th century.
  • The Concept of Pilgrimage Augustine of Hippo wrote about the concept of the pilgrimage and other religious leaders such as Saint Jerome also encouraged it in their religious writings. The idea or the concept of Pilgrimage was eagerly accepted by Medieval people from all walks of life, young or old, wealthy or poor. The concept of pilgrimage was and important religious belief in the Middle Ages both in terms of religious activity and as a way of Medieval life.
  • Soon it became common for Medieval people to make a pilgrimage closer to home visiting sites associated with Christian Saints and martyrs, holy relics and to places where there had been apparitions of the Virgin Mary. Pilgrimages were the first holidays enjoyed by Medieval people. Groups of Christians would set off together on a spiritual journey to visit a holy place or shrine where they would pray together.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Pilgrimage - the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was written c. 1390. It tells stories about a group pilgrims who had undertaken a pilgrimage to Canterbury. Each pilgrim had their own 'Canterbury Tale'. The route of the pilgrimage was along Watling Street and the Old Kent Road in London which led to the ancient "Pilgrim's way" from Rochester to Canterbury.
Nicole G

BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Christianity and the Roman Empire - 0 views

www.bbc.co.uk/...tyromanempire_article_01.shtml

shared by Nicole G on 26 Nov 12 - Cached
  • Nicole G on 26 Nov 12
     
    it about Rome and Christianity 
zach m

Christian Persecution in Ancient Rome (for teaching) by Mariejo Benares - YouTube - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

shared by zach m on 26 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • zach m on 26 Nov 12
     
    This video shows how the Christians were treated by the Romans.
greg g

Ancient rome spread of christianity - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

History ancient Rome christianity spread

shared by greg g on 26 Nov 12 - No Cached
  • Lily S on 26 Nov 12
     
    A video about the rise of Christianity in Rome
Garth Holman

The Third Crusade - 2 views

www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-third-crusade.htm

Quest 8 Saladin King Richard Cursades

shared by Garth Holman on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Saladin a leader
  • ery devout in prayers and fasting, fiercely hostile toward unbelievers, and full of the pride of race.
  • kindliness and humanity not surpassed,
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • Third Crusade was caused by the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt.
  • Saladin united the Moslems of Syria under his sway and then advanced against the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
  • rout of their army and the capture of their king.
  • Even the Holy Cross, which they had carried in the midst of the fight, became the spoil of the conqueror.
  • The cry for another crusade arose on all sides. Once more thousands of men sewed the cross in gold, or silk, or cloth upon their garments and set out for the Holy Land.
  • King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa assumed the cross,
  • King Richard I of England
  • Lion-hearted," in memory of his heroic exploits in Palestine
  • He raised money for the enterprise bythe persecution and robbery of the Jewsthe imposition of an unusual tax upon all classesthe sale of offices, dignities, and the royal lands
  • he would sell the city of London, if he could find a purchaser."
  • English and French kings finally mustered their forces beneath the walls of Acre, which city the Christians were then besieging.
  • knightly virtues
  • knightly adventures and chivalrous exploits
  • Richard was sick with a fever, Saladin, knowing that he was poorly supplied with delicacies, sent him a gift of the choicest fruits of the land. And on another occasion, Richard's horse having been killed in battle, the sultan caused a fine Arabian steed to be led to the Christian camp as a present for his rival.
  • , but could not capture Jerusalem.
  • King Richard and Saladin finally concluded a truce by the terms of which Christians were permitted to visit Jerusalem without paying tribute, that they should have free access to the holy places,
  • The king regained his liberty only by paying a ransom equivalent to more than twice the annual revenues of England.
1 - 20 of 78 Next › Last »
Showing 20▼ items per page