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What causes coronary heart disease or coronary atherosclerotic plaque, this thing that we track with heart scans? Well, here are a few little-publicized facts about heart disease that you are unlikely to hear from your When's-the-next-stent? cardiologist or the What is there besides statins? primary care doctor. (Since everybody knows that smoking is a modifiable risk for heart disease that can be readily identified, let's focus on the blood tests that reveal heart disease causes.)

Differential immunomodulation with long-chain n-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease. Sijben JW, Calder PC. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007 May;66(2):237-59. Review. PMID: 17466105 doi:10.1017/S0029665107005472

What can we expect from omega-3 fatty acids? Chan EJ, Cho L. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Apr;76(4):245-51. PMID: 19339640 doi: 10.3949/ccjm.76a.08042

Fatty acid facts, part III: Cardiovascular disease, or, a fish diet is noy fishy. Pauwels EK, Kostkiewicz M. Drug News Perspect. 2008 Dec;21(10):552-61. PMID: 19221636

Here we propose that the beneficial effect of (n-3) PUFA diet is related to down-regulation of the mutually positive interactions of platelet activation and coagulation. In addition, we consider the possibility that the dietary effect on hemostatic and lipid factors involves transcription regulation of multiple genes, perhaps in a subject-dependent manner. Fish oil consumption and reduction of arterial disease. Vanschoonbeek K, de Maat MP, Heemskerk JW. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):657-60. Review. PMID: 12612132

These data indicate that fish oil feeding downregulated the endogenous PPAR-activation system and increased antioxidant gene expressions to protect against ROS excess Fish oil feeding alters liver gene expressions to defend against PPARalpha activation and ROS production. Takahashi M, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Nakatani T, Ishii M, Tsutsumi S, Aburatani H, Ezaki O. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002 Feb;282(2):G338-48. PMID: 11804856

Fish oil and treatment of cancer cachexia. Giacosa A, Rondanelli M. Genes Nutr. 2008 Apr;3(1):25-8. PMID: 18850196

Nutritional intervention with omega-3 Fatty acids in a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lungs. Pardini RS, Wilson D, Schiff S, Bajo SA, Pierce R. Nutr Cancer. 2005;52(2):121-9. PMID: 16201843