A different problem occurs when dependent learners are paired
with a Stage 3 or Stage 4 teacher who delegates responsibility
that the learner is not equipped to handle.
(I developed the entire SSDL model just to gain the insight
reported in the following paragraph.)
With such students, humanistic methods may fail. Many will
not be able to make use of the "freedom to learn,"
because they lack the skills such as goal-setting, self-evaluation,
project management, critical thinking, group participation, learning
strategies, information resources, and self-esteem, which make
self-directed learning possible--skills such as those described
by Guglielmino (1977), Oddi (1986), and Cafarella and O'Donnell
(1987).