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Syria conflict: UN expects 'substantive' peace talks - BBC News - 0 views
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The UN is expecting the nearing peace talks to be more successful than previous attempts. They will largely focus on forming an administration and elections for the transitional period.
Tunisia Struggles to Cope With Returnees From Syrian Jihad - 0 views
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Where are the youth of the Egyptian revolution? - 0 views
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combat tyranny and human rights violations
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non-violent resistance movements abroad.
- ...59 more annotations...
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broadcast information on human rights violations
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mobilise the masses
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rejecting tyranny
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calling for freedom
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refused any and all partial solutions
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did not care to make an intellectual presence
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clearly defined political project
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no leadership
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sufficient time to prepare themselves
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elite and the military took over during the transitional
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period
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balance of power
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did not succeed in establishing new parties
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participate
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accountability and trial
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for killing youth
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social justice
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political elite became more polarised
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until the youth became polarised
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how to topple tyrannical regimes
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information about human rights violations
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too preoccupied with side issues
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true nature of revolutionary change
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not necessarily mean the fall of the system
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lacked the focus necessary to achieve any of their strategic goals
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application of Shari'ah law
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Enabling the youth
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universal pillars that are needed for making political changes
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military imposed their presence
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failed to keep pace
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in terms of democracy itself
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endorsing the army
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aggravating an already sensitive situation
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media
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bribing the youth with money
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violent Islamist groups have emerged as a way of confronting the state
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youth do not see the dangers of politicising the military and are calling for military intervention to resolve their political differences with the Muslim Brotherhood
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military intervention as the only solution
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oust the first elected civilian president in the history
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main responsibility
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nascent democratic experience
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aggravating the political situation
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deepening the political divisions in society
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did not allow the youth to engage in the public domain or contribute
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engage the community and educate
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restore national unity
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bigger picture
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valuable information
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media platform
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policy for communication
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infuse the entire
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society with the values and goals of the revolution
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community awareness
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revolutions
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several phases
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common political vision and strategy
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advice of experts in situations where there is a shortage of expertise on a particular subject pertaining to state
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respects differences
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political etiquette
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This author gives an analysis of where the Egyptian youth failed and succeeded in their revolution. He applauds their original motivation: overthrowing the oppressive regime and seeking political freedom. However, he criticizes the movement for not having organized goals with practical implications. Their focus was so set on overthrowing Mubarak that they did not have a plan once that was achieved. As a result, the youth allowed the military to become politicized and enforce their political ideas. The author claims this move set a dangerous precedent for the future and took away the attention of the military from places it was needed. The author claims that by endorsing the army to act militarily against the first civilian elected president of the country, the youth is undermining their original goals. He goes on to explain his suggestions for the Egyptian youth to get back on track and follow through in the remaining phases of the revolution.
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Egypt's post-Morsi constitution gets almost total voters' approval - RT News - 0 views
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98.1% of Egyptians said yes to the new constitution in this week’s referendum.
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outlawed Muslim brotherhood says it does not recognize the vote
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approving the constitution as the first step towards restoring stability.
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“unrivalled success
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Now that God has supported us in legalizing our constitution, we ask for his aid in achieving the remaining two stages of the road map: the presidential and parliamentary elections," Salib
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constitution was an article stipulating that Sharia law will be the main source of legislation,
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insisted the reference to Sharia law remain, albeit in a watered-down version.
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Egyptian Christians and liberals on the constitutional committee attempted to remove all mentions of Sharia law from the constitutio
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seen as an improvemen
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eliminates various articles that gave legal and political authority to Egypt’s highest Islamic Institution, the Al-Azhar University.
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allows a presidential election to be held before parliamentary vote in a change to the transition plan announced by the army in July.
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55 percent, was still higher than in the 2012 referendum on the constitution, which was drafted while Mohamed Morsi was in powe
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charter has been approve
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uslim Brotherhood boycotted the poll, saying it was illegitimate, as did several revolutionary groups and there were reports of low youth turnout in general.
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Morsi
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is expected to win
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Ninety-eight percent of Egyptians voted yes for a new constitution. Sharia law was debated by the Egyptian Christians. The new constitution is seen as an improvement to the Muslim Brotherhood constitution.
Who's Running This Joint, Anyway? - 0 views
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Libya: Where are the dividing lines? - Middle East - Al Jazeera English - 0 views
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The House moved to Tobruk after armed groups supportive of the General National Congress began to overrun the capital.
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Libya's new parliament, dominated by self-styled secular and nationalist candidates, was formed after the heavy defeat of Islamist candidates in June elections.
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In the House of Representatives camp, many figures have come together in opposition to the contentious political isolation law, which banned anyone involved with the former regime from political participation.
- ...5 more annotations...
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Errishi told Al Jazeera that oil revenues pass through the country's central bank. With members of Libya Dawn guarding the gates to the central bank, Errishi added that "the central bank is controlled by whomever is controlling Tripoli".
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The UAE, which is home to Mahmoud Jibril, a leading politician opposed to Libya's Islamist groups, has been accused by the US of bombing sites held by Misrata forces with the help of Egypt.
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t has also been alleged that Qatar, which plays host to Ali Salabi, a leading spiritual figure with close ties to the Muslim Brotherhood, has provided weapons and support to Brotherhood-affiliated groups battling former general Haftar.
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With the displacement of 100,000 people due to fighting in Tripoli and Benghazi, however, the Libya crisis may not yet have taken its worst turn. "If we see more brigades going to one side over the other," said researcher Hamedi, "this will lead to civil war. The role of the regional environment is to help the domestic equation reach a deal."
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Due to Libya's lack of institutional structure and weak centralized government, rival militia violence and clashes have created constant chaos leading the country towards another civil war. After the fall of Qaddafi, who obliterated institutions necessary for a functional government, Libya has been unable to manage the state. The National Transitional Council, which replaced the Qaddafi Regime, turned into the General National Congress and was given 18 months to form a democratic constitution. When the deadline passed the constitution was incomplete, which forced Congress to organize elections to a new House of Representatives. The former GNC members declared a new self proclaimed GNC, electing Omar al-Hasi as their prime minister. The new GNC is not recognized by Libya's parliament nor is it by the international community. Al Jazeera says the country literally has two parliaments and two governments, creating inconceivable instability throughout the state. The newly elected House has moved to Tobruk after armed islamic GNC militia groups overran the capital, seizing control over the major institutions in Tripoli. Due to this lack of a functional government, the rest of the state has turned to chaos. After the civil war, anti and pro Qaddafi forces branched into militias striving for power. Without a working state and government, militias had to rely on themselves to provide security, and really have no incentive to give up arms and no true government to be a part of. General Khalifa Hifter, a former Qaddafi general who later joined the Libyan rebel army in 2011, formed an anti-militia militia, targeting islamist militias like Ansar al-Sharia. Hifter is not affiliated with either of the governments, but rather strives for a military government, and supreme control of the armed forces.
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Tunisia says plans to renew ties with Syria to help track fighters | Reuters - 0 views
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Tunisia said on Thursday it plans to reopen a consulate in Syria and offered to invite the Syrian ambassador back to Tunisia in part to help track an estimated 3,000 Tunisian militants fighting in Iraq and Syria.
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two Tunisians who trained with militants in neighboring Libya, stormed the Tunis Bardo museum and shot 21 foreign tourists, one of Tunisia's worst such attack
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We will not have an ambassador there, but Tunisia will open a consulate or put in place a charge d'affaires, and a Syria ambassador is welcome to Tunisia, if Syria wishes so
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He gave no dates
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The minister said a consular presence in Syria would help Tunisia glean information on Tunisians fighting alongside Islamist militants in Iraq and Syria and who officials fear will return to carry out attacks at home.
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Tunisia would also reestablish diplomatic relations with neighboring Libya
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Tunisia completed a mostly peaceful transition to democracy but has struggled to clamp down on Islamist militants who have been carrying out regular attacks.
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After withdrawing their envoys after the start of the uprising against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in 2011, some European Union countries have started to privately support more communication with Damascus.
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Several countries including China, Indonesia and top allies Russia and Iran have envoys or charge d'affaires in Damascus
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Following an attack on a museum in Tunisia, they plan to open a consulate in Syria and plan to renew their ties with the Syrian government. They state that this is so that they can track Tunisian militant fighters who have joined ISIS and to prevent them form any future attacks.
Libyans Are Bracing for Civil War - 0 views
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France, Britain dismiss calls to renew relations with Syria's Assad | Reuters - 0 views
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France and Britain dismissed on Friday any suggestion of restoring relations with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, saying this would likely end all hope of a political transition and push moderates into the arms of radical Islamist groups.
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With the rise of Islamic State insurgents, some European |Union member states are critical of the position in Paris and London and say it might be time to re-establish communication with Damascus given that a four-year-old revolt has failed to overthrow Assad
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"In reality, Bashar represents injustice, chaos and terror. We, France and Britain, say no to all three
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the French and British foreign ministers hit back at those who sought a rapprochement with Assad by saying he was using the fear of Islamic State, which has seized wide areas of northern and eastern Syria, to win back international support
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This week a four-man cross-party delegation of French parliamentarians traveled to Syria and some met with Assad, and triggering a national debate on the issue
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countries would have to work with Assad to defeat Islamic State, while the U.N. envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura said earlier this month that Assad must be part of the solution for defusing the conflict in Syria
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An initially peaceful street uprising against Assad has spiraled into a civil war that has seen a level of suffering some diplomats see as justifying contacts with Damascus in pursuit of a political solution
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Britain and France see Assad's departure as a precondition of peace negotiations but the collapse of his government has become less likely as the war grinds on inconclusively
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For our own security, we must defeat Islamic State in Syria. We need a partner that can act against extremists. We need a negotiated political settlement
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compromise would be needed between elements of the existing government and relatively moderate opponents of Assad.
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Both Britain and France have shunned Syrian President Assad in their quest to fight terrorism. They oppose all that the Syrian government stands for and this is why they will continue to dismiss the Syrian government and any ties with them.
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ANNE R. PIERCE: Beware ISIS strategy that fortifies Russia, Iran, and Syria - Washingto... - 0 views
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President Obama stressed the importance of showing the world “we are united in our resolv
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Demonstration of united resolve against blood-thirsty terrorists whose ranks, ambitions and territory have grown exponentially is important
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forging strategy to battle ISIS without also forging strategy to thwart Syria, Russia and Iran is a terrible mistake
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brutality and aggression of the Islamic State, he still whitewashes the brutality and aggression of established states Syria, Russia and Iran, and still ignores the need for grand strategy to deal with them
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We must, therefore, take Iran, Russia and Syria, and the collusion between them, seriously.
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potentially, an even greater threat to the “free world” than ISIS. Because they are terror sponsors and supporters, WMD in their control means WMD out of control, susceptible to being sold or given to fanatics who are willing to work for their cause
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working with the Iranian, Russian and Syrian regimes to address Middle Eastern problems and fight ISIS is a sure way to alienate Middle Eastern moderates and traditional partner
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Russia’s staunch support of Syria and Iran; its ruthless aggression in Ukraine; and its expansionist designs in Eastern Europe, should make containing Russia an American foreign policy priority
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Instead, much of the White House plan for combating ISIS plays right into Syrian, Iranian and Russian hands, for it revolves around their plans –which include allowing Assad to stay in power, legitimizing Russian-sponsored “peace conferences” that buy Assad time and raise Putin’s stature, accommodating the Iranian nuclear program, and giving Iran the lead in the battle against ISIS and in the Levant.
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the United States has been mostly passive, while Russia, Iran and its proxies, and al Qaeda-affiliated terrorists, have seized the day.
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opened the door to extremist groups eager to hijack the Syrian revolt and/or defend the Syrian regime
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Iran and Russia have worked stolidly to protect Assad and capitalize on the chao
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While the Obama administration justified its unwillingness to give meaningful aid to Syrian rebels with fear of helping extremists within rebel ranks, that stance allowed extremism within Syria to metastasize
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development so serious that it now requires a military respons
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Russia provided cover for Syria in the UN, and supplied many of the very weapons Assad uses to massacre civilian
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the administration has endorsed yet more Russia-sponsored “peace talks”
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President Obama and Secretary Kerry have backed even further away from demands that Assad leave, while even the goal of a transitional government which characterized the previous talks has been dropped
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Working with the Iranian, Russian and Syrian regimes to address Middle Eastern problems and fight ISIS is a sure way to alienate Middle Eastern moderates.
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shared by allieggg on 13 Nov 14
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Proxy War Feared in Libya as UN Envoy Warns Against Foreign Intervention | VICE News - 0 views
news.vice.com/...s-against-foreign-intervention
libya militias armed groups war middle east proxy power vacuum
shared by allieggg on 13 Nov 14
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US officials accused the United Arab Emirates and Egypt of secretly conducting air strikes on Islamist militias who have seized control of Tripoli airport.
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Islamist groups — from Misrata and other cities wrested Tripoli's airport from the rival Zintan militia, loosely allied with the rogue General Khalifa Hifter, that controlled it since 2011.
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US officials reportedly said they were not consulted over the strikes, which threaten to turn the already disintegrating country into a battleground for a regional proxy war.
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The Misrata alliance — operating under the banner Libya Dawn — is now said to be in de facto control of the entire capital after their opponents abandoned their positions.
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Tripoli-- occupied by Misrata and other islamic groups Tobruk-- new house of reps. / interim gov. / recognized by the UN
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The old General National Congress reconvened in Tripoli on Monday following calls from the Misrata alliance and voted to disband Libya's interim government, while the new House of Representatives, based in Tobruk, has branded those in control of the capital "terrorist groups and outlaws".
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analysts fear Libya could become an arena for a battle between regional rivals, as countries such as the UAE and Egypt attempt to crush the threat from Islamist fighters backed by Qatar.
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after the previous Islamist-dominated parliament refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new assembly elected
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conducted by the two US allies without the knowledge of the US.
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"outside interference" in Libya, which they said "exacerbates current divisions and undermines Libya's democratic transition."
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power vacuum that allowed rival militias to thrive
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US officials told the New York Times that the UAE had provided the military aircraft and crews for two sets of air strikes
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"It's clear there is a proxy war in Libya between Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Algeria on one side and Qatar and Turkey on the other side,"
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the country needs "real engagement from the international community" to defeat the Islamist militias.
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After the fall of Gaddafi a power vacuum allowed rival militias to thrive. Now, Libya has become a proxy war for other Arab nations. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, and Algeria on one side and Qatar and Turkey on the other.
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shared by allieggg on 21 Nov 14
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Bloody Proxy War in Libya: Qatar & Turkey vs. UAE & Egypt | Clarion Project - 0 views
www.clarionproject.org/...-qatar-and-turkey-vs-uae-egypt
proxy wars polarization libya clarion project civil war politics
shared by allieggg on 21 Nov 14
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Fresh clashes broke out in the Libyan capital Tripoli on Sunday, forcing the city's airport to close down. Mitiga airport has functioned as Tripoli's primary airport since Tripoli International Airport was damaged and ceased to operate in August.
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On November 6 the Tobruk parliament was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Tripoli. However, parliamentarians in Tobruk immediately hit back, saying that because Tripoli is largely in the hands of Islamists, the Supreme Court's decision was made under duress.
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Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thinni said Qatar sent 3 loaded planes with weapons to Tripoli. This is in keeping with Qatar's actions throughout the region. One diplomat from an undisclosed MENA country spoke to Telegraph saying "They [Qatar] are partly responsible for Jabhat al-Nusra having money and weapons and everything they need." Jabhat al-Nusra is the official Al-Qaeda affiliate fighting in the Syrian Civil War.
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Qatar's involvement in Libya goes back to the revolution that overthrew former Prime Minister Muammar Gaddafi. In 2012, then leader of the Libyan National Transitional Council Mustafa Abdul Jibril said at a Ramadan celebration event: "Doha [Qatar] has been supporting Islamic movements as part of its vision to help establish an Arab regime that adopts Islamic Shariah law as a main source of governance." He said that Qatar had contributed $2 billion to the revolution.
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The bloodshed is greatly exacerbated by the relentless funding of Islamist militias across the region by Turkey and Qatar.
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Conflict broke out in the Libyan capital Tripoli forcing Mitiga airport, primary airport since Tripoli International was closed due to damages, to close down worsening the bloody proxy war thus escalating the crisis. Egypt and UAE have been aiding the Islamic opposition, helping to fight against the Islamic militants backed by Turkey and Qatar. Apparently Qatar's involvement in Libya goes back to the revolution that ousted Gaddafi, contributing $2 billion in support of the Islamic movements as a part of its vision to establish an Arab regime ruling through Sharia Law. As of now, no players are willing to compromise in this "state of war."
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Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad - The Atlantic - 0 views
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xtreme temperatures
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drought from 2006 to 2011
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2001 to 2010, Syria had 60 “significant” dust storms.
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lessening of rainfall
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as of the last year before the civil war, only about 13,500 square kilometers could be irrigated
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agriculture
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20 percent of national income
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employed about 17 percent
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Syria’s oil is of poor quality, sour, and expensive to refine
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densely populated
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less than 0.25 hectares (just over a third of an acre) of agricultural land per person
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population/resource ratio is out of balance.
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So it is important to understand how their “social contract”—their view of their relationship with one another and with the government—evolved and then shattered.
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threw the country into the arms of
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Egypt’s President Gamal Abdel Nasser
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or three and a half years
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part of the United Arab Republic
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A fundamental problem they faced was what it meant to be a Syrian.
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1961 Syrians were thrown back on their own resources
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The majority of those who became Syrians were Arabic-speaking Sunni Muslims
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seven and eight in 10 Syrians saw themselves as Muslim Arab
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being a Muslim Arab as the very definition of Syrian identity.
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Nationalists took this diversity as a primary cause of weakness and adopted as their primary task integrating the population into a single political and social structure.
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Israel
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Looming over Syrian politics and heightening the tensions
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A ceasefire, negotiated in 1974, has held, but today the two states are still legally at war.
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or Hafez al-Assad, the secular, nationalist Baath Party was a natural choice: it offered, or seemed to offer, the means to overcome his origins in a minority community and to point toward a solution to the disunity of Syrian politics
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bridge the gaps between rich and poor
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socialism
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Muslims and minorities
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Islam
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society
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hould be modern
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secular
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defined by a culture of “Arabism”
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the very antithesis of
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Muslim Brotherhood
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military, which seemed
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o embody the nation.
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help the Syrian people to live better provided only that they not challenge his rule
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his stern and often-brutal monopoly of power
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foreign troublemakers
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Hafez al-Assad sided with Iran in the Iran-Iraq war
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During the rule of the two Assads, Syria made considerable progress.
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locked into the cities and towns
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they f
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had to compete
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Palestinians
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Iraqis
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Syria was already a refuge
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March 15, 2011
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small group gathered in the southwestern town of Daraa to protest against government failure to help them
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government saw them as subversives.
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He ordered a crackdown
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And the army,
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responded violently.
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Riots broke out
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attempted to quell them with military
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what had begun as a food and water issue gradually turned into a political and religious cause.
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interpretation of Islam
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the Syrian government is charged with using illegal chemical weapons
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All observers agree that the foreign-controlled and foreign-constituted insurgent groups are the most coherent, organized, and effective
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astonishing as they share no common language and come from a wide variety of cultures
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slam has at least so far failed to provide an effective unifying force
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all the rebels regard the conflict in Syria as fundamentally a religious issue
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pwards of $150 billion
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a whole generation of Syrians have been subjected to either or both the loss of their homes and their trust in fellow human beings.
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How the victims and the perpetrators can be returned to a “normal life”
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First, the war might continue.
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Second, if the Syrian government continues or even prevails, there is no assurance that,
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t will be able to suppress the insurgency.
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Third,
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Syria will remain effectively “balkanized”
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This article captures Syria's geography, history, and all events leading up to the state Syria is in today.
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shared by alarsso on 16 Feb 15
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Syria after Assad: Heading toward a Hard Fall? - The Washington Institute for Near East... - 0 views
www.washingtoninstitute.org/...sad-heading-toward-a-hard-fall
syria post-assad heading institute outcome
shared by alarsso on 16 Feb 15
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To a certain extent, the nature of the transition will be i
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nfluenced by how the Assad regime leaves the scene.
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forces retain their cohesion
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control
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whether the opposition moves to purge regime employees
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offices are trashed and looted
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violent power struggle
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unitary state with a strong central government is unlikely to emerge from the civil war.
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great challenges exerting control over local leaders who fought the regime
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ederation of warlords (probably former military and security chiefs) ruling over fiefdoms
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unitary entity
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Syrian army
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opposition will have more time to set up rudimentary institutions
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provide humanitarian aid for Syrian refugees
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likely be accompanied by a new round of massacres and ethnic cleansing
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Sunni extremist groups.
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new opportunities for external actors, especially Iran and Hizballah, both of which would seek allies among the former regime's Alawite security elite
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Iran's
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remain a major player in the Levant
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hostile to Iran and more closely aligned with Turkey, Egypt, or Saudi Arabia.
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revolutionary Sunni government in Syria
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Iran and Hizballah
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support to former regime
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Washington should continue with preparations to contain spillover from the conflict
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enabling it to collect tariffs on imports
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Washington will need to know as much as it can about the key players,
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Strife in Libya Could Presage Long Civil War - NYTimes.com - 1 views
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Salah Badi, an ultraconservative Islamist and former lawmaker from the coastal city of Misurata.
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Mr. Badi’s assault on Libya’s main international airport has now drawn the country’s fractious militias, tribes and towns into a single national conflagration that threatens to become a prolonged civil war. Both sides see the fight as part of a larger regional struggle, fraught with the risks of a return to repressive authoritarianism or a slide toward Islamist extremism.
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the violence threatens to turn Libya into a pocket of chaos destabilizing North Africa for years to come.
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Ansar al-Shariah, the hard-line Islamist group involved in the assault on the American diplomatic Mission in Benghazi in 2012
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Their opponents, including the militias stocked with former Qaddafi soldiers
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The ideological differences are blurry at best: both sides publicly profess a similar conservative but democratic vision.
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an escalating war among its patchwork of rival cities and tribes.
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Motorists wait in lines stretching more than three miles at shuttered gas stations, waiting for them to open. Food prices are soaring, uncollected garbage is piling up in the streets and bicycles, once unheard-of, are increasingly common.
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Tripoli, the capital and the main prize, has become a battleground
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The fighting has destroyed the airport
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Constant shelling between rival militias has leveled blocks
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Storage tanks holding about 25 million gallons of fuel have burned unchecked for a month
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with daily blackouts sometimes lasting more than 12 hours.
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many Libyans despaired of any resolution
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In Benghazi, Libya’s second-largest city, the fighting has closed both its airport and seaport, strangling the city.
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the rush toward war is also lifting the fortunes of the Islamist extremists of Ansar al-Shariah, the Benghazi militant group.
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The United Nations, the United States and the other Western powers have withdrawn their diplomats and closed their missions
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“We cannot care more than you do,” the British ambassador, Michael Aron, wrote
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Until now, a rough balance of power among local brigades had preserved a kind of equilibrium, if not stability
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the transitional government scarcely existed outside of the luxury hotels where its officials gathered, no other force was strong enough to dominate. No single interest divided the competing cities and factions.
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But that semblance of unity is now in tatters, and with it the hope that nonviolent negotiations might settle the competition for power and, implicitly, Libya’s oil.
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In May, a renegade former general, Khalifa Hifter, declared that he would seize power by force to purge Libya of Islamists, beginning in Benghazi. He vowed to eradicate the hard-line Islamists of Ansar al-Shariah, blamed for a long series of bombings and assassinations.
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General Hifter also pledged to close the Parliament and arrest moderate Islamist members
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he has mustered a small fleet of helicopters and warplanes that have bombed rival bases around Benghazi, a steep escalation of the violence.
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moderate Islamists and other brigades who had distanced themselves from Ansar al-Shariah began closing ranks, welcoming the group into a newly formed council of “revolutionary” militias
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a broad alliance of Benghazi militias that now includes Ansar al-Shariah issued a defiant statement denouncing relative moderates like the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood. “We will not accept the project of democracy, secular parties, nor the parties that falsely claim the Islamic cause,”
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the general’s blitz has now stalled, it polarized the country, drawing alarms from some cities and tribes but applause from others.
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the loudest applause came from the western mountain town of Zintan, where local militia leaders had recruited hundreds of former Qaddafi soldiers into special brigades
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the rival coastal city of Misurata, where militias have allied with the Islamists in political battles and jostled with the Zintanis for influence in the capital
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the Misurata and Islamist militias developed a reputation for besieging government buildings and kidnapping high officials to try to pressure the Parliament. But in recent months the Zintanis and their anti-Islamist allies have stormed the Parliament and kidnapped senior lawmakers as well.
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the newly elected Parliament, led at first, on a seniority basis, by a member supportive of Mr. Hifter, announced plans to convene in Tobruk, an eastern city under the general’s control.
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About 30 members, most of them Islamists or Misuratans, refused to attend,
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Tripoli’s backup airport, under the control of an Islamist militia, has cut off flights to Tobruk, even blocking a trip by the prime minister.
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a spokesman for the old disbanded Parliament, favored by the Islamists and Misuratans, declared that it would reconvene in Tripoli
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In Tobruk, a spokesman for the new Parliament declared that the Islamist- and Misuratan-allied militias were terrorists, suggesting that Libya might soon have two legislatures with competing armies
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Each side has the support of competing satellite television networks financed and, often, broadcast from abroad, typically from Qatar for the Islamists and from the United Arab Emirates for their foes.
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Hassan Tatanaki, a Libyan-born business mogul who owns one of the anti-Islamist satellite networks, speaking in an interview from an office in the Emirates. “We are in a state of war and this is no time for compromise.”
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Fighters and tribes who fought one another during the uprising against Colonel Qaddafi are now coming together on the same side of the new fight, especially with the Zintanis against the Islamists. Some former Qaddafi officers who had fled Libya are even coming back to take up arms again.
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“It is not pro- or anti-Qaddafi any more — it is about Libya,” said a former Qaddafi officer in a military uniform
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Beneath the battle against “extremists,” he said, was an even deeper, ethnic struggle: the tribes of Arab descent, like the Zintanis, against those of Berber, Circassian or Turkish ancestry, like the Misuratis. “The victory will be for the Arab tribes,”
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Article explains the civil war that is erupting in Libya. Islamist extremists are trying to take over the country and towns and tribes of Libya are choosing sides. Tripoli has been the biggest battle ground and its airport was destroyed. -
This NYT article gives an excellent outline of the prominent factions fighting in Libya, and the purpose and goals of those factions as of Aug, 2014. -
This NYT article gives an excellent outline of the prominent factions fighting in Libya, and the purpose and goals of those factions as of Aug, 2014.
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shared by ccfuentez on 26 Jan 16
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Algeria Trafficking in persons - Transnational Issues - 0 views
www.indexmundi.com/...trafficking_in_persons.html
Algeria human-trafficking Tier 3 illegal immigrant prostitution
shared by ccfuentez on 26 Jan 16
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Algeria is a transit and, to a lesser extent, a destination and source country for women, and, to a lesser extent, men subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; criminal networks, which sometimes extend to sub-Saharan Africa and to Europe, are involved in both human smuggling and trafficking; sub-Saharan adults enter Algeria voluntarily but illegally, often with the aid of smugglers, for onward travel to Europe, but some of the women are forced into prostitution; some Algerian women are also forced into prostitution; some sub-Saharan men, mostly from Mali, are forced into domestic servitude
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Algeria does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
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Human trafficking is an often occurrence in Algeria where men and women are illegally smuggled in and through the country. Men are typically subjected to force labor or prostitution while women are more commonly forced into prostitution. Algeria is currently rated a Tier 3 which means they are making no significant changes to end the human trafficking.
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Have the Arab Uprisings helped or harmed women's rights? - 0 views
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Women and the Arab Revolutions: from equality in protest to backlash in the transition from old regimes to new governments
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Cyber Security Trends To Watch: 2016 - 0 views
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Major Nation-States are developing new policy and protocol for contingent cyber activities. For Iran having the new nuclear deal put through, it allows Iran to re-enter the global economy, this places focus on their ability to compete, and their cyber-espionage will shift focus towards financial institutions of the world. The bottom line is all States and businesses are transitioning to a more cyber-conscious world where the internet is a prime target of infrastructure.
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