The need for policy makers to understand science and for scientists to understand policy processes is widely recognised. However, the science-policy relationship is sometimes difficult and occasionally dysfunctional; it is also increasingly visible, because it must deal with contentious issues, or itself becomes a matter of public controversy, or both. We suggest that identifying key unanswered questions on the relationship between science and policy will catalyse and focus research in this field. To identify these questions, a collaborative procedure was employed with 52 participants selected to cover a wide range of experience in both science and policy, including people from government, non-governmental organisations, academia and industry.
If the goal is to accelerate societal learning, the interplay between scientists, policymakers and the wider public will be critical. However, the existing patterns of interaction leave much to be desired. First, the science-policy
relationship is often difficult and dysfunctional. Second, the international governance infrastructure - the United Nations, World Bank, WTO and others - was designed to meet the needs of the post-WW2 era and is
ill-adapted to the interconnected and transdisciplinary challenges it now faces. And finally, our main public communication channels seem better attuned to the linear and polarised narrative of crisis than to the nuanced, detailed, anticipatory work of crisis avoidance or minimisation.
In a government bureaucracy, any innovation can take years to come to fruition. But that can change, says Tom Kalil, deputy director for policy for the Office of Science and Technology Policy at the White House. Kalil recently participated in a two-day conference at Wharton titled, "For the Win: Serious Gamification," which looked at the application of gaming techniques in business, education, government and other scenarios. Before the conference, Kalil spoke with Kevin Werbach, a conference organizer and a professor of legal studies and business ethics at Wharton, about why gamification has become a hot topic at the White House.
"Traditional policy analysis approaches are characterized by a focus on system
modeling and choosing among policy alternatives. While successful in many cases,
this approach has been increasingly criticized for being technocratic and
ignoring the behavioral and political dimensions of most policy processes. In
recent decades, increased awareness of the multi-actor, multiple perspective,
and poly-centric character of many policy processes has led to the development
of a variety of different perspectives on the styles and roles of policy
analysis, and to new analytical tools and approaches - for example,
argumentative approaches, participative policy analysis, and negotiation
support. As a result, the field has become multi-faceted and somewhat
fragmented.
Public Policy Analysis: New Developments acknowledges the variety of
approaches and provides a synthesis of the traditional and new approaches to
policy analysis. It provides an overview and typology of different types of
policy analytic activities, characterizing them according to differences in
character and leading values, and linking them to a variety of theoretical
notions on policymaking. Thereby, it provides assistance to both end users and
analysts in choosing an appropriate approach given a specific policy situation.
By broadening the traditional approach and methods to include the analysis
of actors and actor networks related to the policy issue at hand, it deepens the
state of the art in certain areas. While the main focus of the book is on the
cognitive dimensions of policy analysis, it also links the policy analysis
process to the policymaking process, showing how to identify and involve all
relevant stakeholders in the process, and how to create favorable conditions for
use of the results of policy analytic efforts by the policy actors."
I think it is important to remember that at the end of the day, policy is about influencing people. Influence often isn't found persuasive arguments or rhetoric, instead it can be found in the smallest of word choices and cues.
Results: Participatory health is a growing area with individuals using health social networks, crowdsourced studies, smartphone health applications, and personal health records to achieve positive outcomes for a variety of health conditions. PatientsLikeMe and 23andMe are the leading operators of researcher-organized, crowdsourced health research studies. These operators have published findings in the areas of disease research, drug response, user experience in crowdsourced studies, and genetic association. Quantified Self, Genomera, and DIYgenomics are communities of participant-organized health research studies where individuals conduct self-experimentation and group studies. Crowdsourced health research studies have a diversity of intended outcomes and levels of scientific rigor.s
Amazing platform provided by Amazon that many web sites use to host their services. However, this can also be used by modelers and science to crunch big models that would be too big for a desktop computer. This is basically the "communization" of supercomputers for low prices.