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Dillon Patel

How Do Humans Cause Global Warming? - Planetsave.com: climate change and environmental ... - 0 views

  • main cause of global warming.
  • our species create huge problems that are beyond the ability of other animals to create
  • Humans cause global warming
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • our unique ability to capture and use energy from stored energy sources.
  • Even your basic needs are dependent on fossil fuels.
  • if humans didn’t have the ability to exploit dense energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
  • their discovery transformed the face of the earth and the nature of humans.
  • the human population has grown by more than five times
  • person uses more energy than ever.
  • This energy comes largely from fossil fuels, the use of which is a direct cause of global warming.
  • we want to decrease global warming, then the amount of carbon released each year by humans must be drastically reduced.
  • the we
  • althy (that means you!) Increasing population among the poor
  • Americans consume 300 – 600 times as much as people in very poor nations, in some cases.
  • many of whom aspire to live “better” lives, to consume like wealthy people.
  • From this it becomes clear why humans are the main cause of global warming.
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    The main cause of global warming, the human species, us.
Dillon Patel

The main cause of global warming | Time for change - 0 views

  • It took more than 20 years to broadly accept that mankind is causing global warming with the emission of greenhouse gases.
  • More than 80% of the world-wide energy demand is currently supplied by the fossil fuels coal, oil or gas.
  • energy demand is simply too high.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Why have warnings about climate change been ignored for more than 20 years?
  • The true cause of global warming is our thoughtless attitude to Nature.
  • Why were ever more scientific evidence demanded to find the coherence of man-made CO2 emissions as cause of global warming? Why wasn't common sense reason enough to act?
  • Why can one still today find people who stick their head in the sand and don't want to understand what's going on in the earth's atmosphere?
  • Why do most people refuse to change their personal behavior voluntary in order to reduce CO2 emissions caused by their activities?
  • The answer to all these questions is a rather simple one:
  • In our technology and scientific minded world, we seem to have forgotten that mankind is only a relatively minor part of Nature. We ignore being part of a larger whole.
  • It's your personal decision whether you want to be the cause of global warming
  • In this context the question is whether global warming and its effects will eventually wake up mankind and spark off a change of paradigm. Will we understand this hint of Nature to follow the true meaning of life or will we continue to let us manipulate by media and advertisement as sheer and willing consumers in the economic cycle? Will we continue to strive for power, prestige and possessions following the concept „the more the better "? Shall economic growth and an ever increasing personal income continue to be the reason for being here, beyond everything else?
  •  
    This website looks very reliable, and it mentions that humans need to realize that it's time for for a change, because global warming is becoming more visible, and scientists have said that global warmings' main cause are humans... With my argument.
Dillon Patel

Global Warming "Very Likely" Caused by Humans, World Climate Experts Say - 0 views

  • Global Warming "Very Likely" Caused by Humans, World Climate Experts Say
  • Global warming is here, it's human-caused, and it will continue for centuries even if greenhouse-gas emissions are stabilized, an international panel of climate experts said in a report issued today.
  • The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • human activity to Earth's warming temperatures
  • Fossil fuel use, agriculture, and land-use change are fundamentally affecting the systems on our planet," Achim Steiner
  • reach unanimous agreement on the wording of each sentence in the 20-page summary for policymakers. "Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic [human-caused]
  • The phrase "very likely" translates to a 90 percent probability
  • In 2001 the panel concluded humans were "likely," or with 66 percent probability
  • Each time they've used a more explicit statement about the human contribution
  • dies the threat of global climate change, said the report will cause some people to "be somewhat more concerned"
  • but doubted it would be
  • would be
  • "revolutionary" in spurring action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Jacoby, who stu
  •  
    A very reliable source, National Geographic mentions that Climate Experts say that Humans are "very likely" the main cause.
Aditi Buti

Jihad in the Way of Allah - Islamic Scriptures Unveiled - 0 views

  • Sahih Bukhari 53:353 records Muhammad as saying, "Allah guarantees him who strives in His cause and whose motivation for going out is nothing but Jihad in His cause and belief in His word, that He will admit him into Paradise if martyred or bring him back to his dwelling place with what he gains of reward and booty."
  • The Qur'an is also very clear in this matter Q4:74 - Let those fight in the way of Allah who sell the life of this world for the other. Whoso fights in the way of Allah, be he slain or be he victorious, on him We shall bestow a vast reward.
  • This verse calls for one who strives in Allah's cause and who believes Allah's words to perform Jihad. And what is this Jihad? It is the striving and motivation to go out and kill or be killed with rewards of booty or paradise.
  •  
    "Sahih Bukhari 53:353 records Muhammad as saying, "Allah guarantees him who strives in His cause and whose motivation for going out is nothing but Jihad in His cause and belief in His word, that He will admit him into Paradise if martyred or bring him back to his dwelling place with what he gains of reward and booty.""
Dillon Patel

White House report says people cause global warming - 27 August 2004 - New Scientist - 0 views

  • White House report says people cause global warming
  • People are responsible for the spike in global warming in the last 30 years, says a new US government report.
  • enact policies to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
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  • Our Changing Planet
  • climate change research by 13 government agencies.
  • The document reports that global warming in the first half of the 20th century, estimated at 0.2°C above pre-industrial temperatures, "was likely due to natural climate variation", including increased solar activity.
  • can only be explained when factors related to human activity
  • "There's nothing else we can blame it on, really,"
  • "If we don't put the changes in carbon dioxide into our models, we don't get global warming out."
  • "Well over 98% of scientists competent in this area would agree with that," he told New Scientist.
  • "The big question is what effect this will have on climate policy," Janetos told New Scientist.
  • that would be big news indeed."
  • Trenberth agrees, saying Bush's policy thus far has been to "take whatever nature throws at us
  • "Bush has said that if we do something about emissions, it will hurt the economy,"
  • Others experts have lobbied the government to regulate carbon dioxide through the Clean Air Act.
  • "This research will help decision makers and managers in the US and other countries evaluate and respond to climate change."
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    According to the white house, humans are the main cause. Reliable source.
Dillon Patel

How Do Humans Cause Global Warming? | A Cooler Climate - 0 views

  • Driving your car
  • Buying your suburban home
  • Eating supermarket meat
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • tremendous amounts of fossil fuels.
  • storing carbon for thousands, possibly millions of years.
  • When your car burns them, that carbon is instantly released as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
  • cleared of existing trees and plants that were actively storing carbon.
  • they stopped storing carbon and released all the carbon they had accumulated over tens or even hundreds of years.
  • use of enormous fossil fuel-powered machines in the production,
  • produce methane, a major greenhouse gas.
  • beef, lamb or goat meat,
  • that animal agriculture is responsible for 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions,
  • Is Human-Caused Warming Dangerous?
  • short answer is “yes
  • Much concern exists within the scientific community about global warming, the main cause of which is an accumulation of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.
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    The three most significant ways that humans cause Global Warming and other useful information.
Dillon Patel

Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says - 0 views

  • our planet's recent climate changes have a natural
  • and not a human-induced
  • controversial theory.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Earth is currently experiencing rapid warming, which the vast majority of climate scientists says is due to humans pumping huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. (Get an overview: "Global Warming Fast Facts".)
  • "ice caps" near Mars's south pole had been diminishing for three summers in a row.
  • Astronomical Observatory in Russia, says the Mars data is evidence that the current global warming on Earth is being caused by changes in the sun.
  • Abdussamatov believes that changes in the sun's heat output can account for almost all the climate changes we see on both planets
  • ice ages throughout their histories.
  • "Man-made greenhouse warming has made a small contribution to the warming seen on Earth in recent years, but it cannot compete with the increase in solar irradiance," Abdussamatov said.
  • Abdussamatov believes he can see a pattern that fits with the ups and downs in climate we see on Earth and Mars.
  • has not been well received by other climate scientists.
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    From a reliable source, National Geographic, they say that Global Warming's main cause MAY NOT be humans, though in fact solar. Against my argument.
Dillon Patel

Solar Cycles Cause Global Warming & Cooling, not Humans - 0 views

  • Planetary warming has also been observed on Mars, Jupiter, Pluto, and on Neptune's largest moon Triton during the decades following the peak of the "Solar Grand Maximum" - wonder why - there are no humans there!
  • And Pluto is moving further from the sun in its orbit,
  • it should be cooling, but instead it is warming.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • due to solar changes rather than mere human antics.
  • t Earth's oceans are now beginning to cool.
  • The Earth heats up after a Solar Grand Maximum, lagging a bit after the peak. With a Solar Grand Minimum now on its way, a "global cooling" is on the horizon--a natural oscillation occurring in much longer solar cycles.
  • continue to ignore all of this, perpetuating fear and advocating spending billions of dollars on non-solutions.
  • humans contribute to greenhouse gases,
  • the overall effect is a tiny fraction compared to natural causes.
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    Humans ARE NOT the cause of Global Warming. Against my argument.
Aditi Buti

'Misinterpretation of Islam - root cause of terrorism' - Jihad Watch - 0 views

  • LAHORE: Students from various educational institutions have concluded that misinterpretation of Islam is one of the major root causes of terrorism in Pakistan, which, according to them, has become a label for the country.
  • tudents said that misinterpretation of Islam, poverty and unemployment had been the causes of terrorism in the country. Moreover, most of the students held external forces responsible for it, adding that violence had been nurtured during the Ziaul Haq regime. They said the madrassas (seminaries) that groomed students in the name of jihad (holy war) and ‘promoted’ extremism were also responsible for cultivating this scenario.
  • Sanniya Khan of the Defence Degree College suggested that there were two schools of thought in the country; one was supporting liberalism and supporting the war against terrorism, and the other was promoting extremism, urging people to die in the name of jihad and fight for the spread of Islam.
  •  
    "jihad"
Dillon Patel

Scientists agree: Humans causing global warming - 0 views

  • Reader Services: My account | Mobile | RSS feeds | Follow us on Twitter | Facebook | E-mail newsletters | Corrections
  • Scientists agree: Humans causing global warmin
  • Report today makes strongest assertion to date
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • the world's leading climate scientists are reporting today that they are basically certain
  • the effects are likely to last for centuries.
  • Evidence of climate warming is unequivocal.
  • "We did it."
  • "Scientists are pretty well done arguing about whether the warming in the last 50 years is related to burning fossil fuels," Mote said.
  • Researchers said they are more than 90 percent certain that global warming is caused by humans
  • their most powerful assertion to date.
  • the report says, the warming is likely to mean intensified droughts and heat waves, along with unusually strong storms
  •  
    This source, which is pretty reliable states that scientists are making a STAND that humans are a huge, and most of the contribution for global warming, and are responsible.
Dillon Patel

NASA - Global Warming - 0 views

  • Global Warming
  • Causes of global warming
  • the late 1800's. A majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for most of the warming. Human activities contribute to global warming by enhancing Earth's natural greenhouse effect.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • The greenhouse effect warms Earth's surface through a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are known as greenhouse gases.
  • Climatologists (scientists who study climate) have analyzed the global warming that has occurred since
  • human activities that contribute to global warming
  • burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas)
  • clearing of land.
  • reates carbon dioxide, whose chemical formula is CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that slows the escape of heat into space. Trees and other plants remove CO2 from the air during photosynthesis, the process they use to produce food.
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    VERY RELIABLE SOURCE Talks about Global Warming in General, the impact of it, the causes of it, it mentions my argument, how Humans are mainly responsible, and other very important details.
Puja DeGamia

Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment by MedicineNet.com - 0 views

  • Anorexia nervosa, commonly referred to simply as anorexia, is one type of eating disorder.
  • A person with anorexia often initially begins dieting to lose weight.
  • The individual continues the endless cycle of restrictive eating, often accompanied by other behaviors such as excessive
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, but males can develop the disorder as well.
  • anorexia typically begins to manifest itself during early adolescence
  • In the U.S. and other countries with high economic status, it is estimated that about one out of every 100 adolescent girls has the disorder.
  • According to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), an estimated 0.5%-3.7% of women will suffer from this disorder at some point in their lives.
  • ny experts consider people for whom thinness is especially desirable, or a professional requirement (such as
  • models, dancers, and actors
  • At this time, no definite cause of anorexia nervosa has been determined. However, research within the medical and psychological fields continues to explore possible causes.
Aditi Buti

Causes of Terrorism -- The Two Causes of Terrorism - 0 views

  • The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and usher in change. Another way of saying this is: the belief that violent means justify the ends. Many terrorists in history said sincerely that they chose violence after long deliberation, because they felt they had no choice.
  • Social and political injustice: People choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong—when they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these.
Aditi Buti

Islamic terrorism - 0 views

  • Jihad
  • Jihad has been classified either as al-jihād al-akbar (the greater jihad), the struggle against one's soul (nafs), or al-jihād al-asghar (the lesser jihad), the external, physical effort, often implying fighting (this is similar to the shiite view of jihad as well).
  • Jihad by the sword (jihad bis saif) refers to qital fi sabilillah (armed fighting in the way of God for defensive purposes, or holy war to prevent a greater loss of lives), the most common usage by Salafi Muslims and offshoots of the Muslim Brotherhood.
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  • Islamic terrorism is inspired by the sources of Islam: the Qur'an verses, ahadith sira and sharia that justify or encourage attacks on non-Muslims or those who may not be regarded as pious.
  • Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into (the hearts of) the enemies, of Allah and your enemies, and others besides, whom ye may not know, but whom Allah doth know. Whatever ye shall spend in the cause of Allah, shall be repaid unto you, and ye shall not be treated unjustly
  • Now when ye meet in battle those who disbelieve, then it is smiting of the necks until, when ye have routed them, then making fast of bonds; and afterward either grace or ransom till the war lay down its burdens. That (is the ordinance). And if Allah willed He could have punished them (without you) but (thus it is ordained) that He may try some of you by means of others. And those who are slain in the way of Allah, He rendereth not their actions vain. [Qur'an 47:4] And fight them until there’s no fitnah (polytheism) and religion is wholly for Allah.[Qur'an 8:39] Lo! Those who disbelieve Our revelations, We shall expose them to the Fire. As often as their skins are consumed We shall exchange them for fresh skins that they may taste the torment. Lo!
  • Remember thy Lord inspired the angels (with the message): "I am with you: give firmness to the Believers: I will instil terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers: smite ye above their necks and smite all their finger-tips off them." [Qur'an 8:12]
  • Allah is ever Mighty, Wise. [Qur'an 4:56] They long that ye should disbelieve even as they disbelieve, that ye may be upon a level (with them). So choose not friends from them till they forsake their homes in the way of Allah; if they turn back (to enmity) then take them and kill them wherever ye find them, and choose no friend nor helper from among them, [Qur'an 4:89] Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who reject Faith Fight in the cause of Evil: So fight ye against the friends of Satan: feeble indeed is the cunning of Satan. [Qur'an 4:76]
  •  
    "Jihad"
Aditi Buti

Terrorist Kiddies Brainwashing | Newsflavor - 0 views

  • Even easier for Taliban, they kidnap many children from the places they raid and recruit them, willing or not
  • How do they develop this mentality? It is a very common war tactic, which is basically premature brainwashing.
  • children can easily be persuaded and once they are past the point of being naive there is no saving them. 
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • he children who were kidnapped, they’re basically brainwashed in what they are told is “school”, but is really a training camp for future Taliban terrorists.
  • Some of these kids weren’t even captured, their parents sent them off with a Taliban representative who misleads the masses promising a place of education and stability, but they were really manipulating the masses and taking their children off to die,
  • . To the average person it just looks like a luscious landscape, with a lot of forest. To children from a desert that offers little to no creativity to thought, it looks almost like heaven. They want to be t
  • advantage
  • but to a child from this 3rd world country and terrain, it seems like something they can’t live without, which is why they are convinced to die for this cause Taliban instills into their heads.
  • tell the children that their lives are worthless, that if they serve the holy prophet and fight for the cause, en
  • dless things will be given to them after they die.  That the real life will only begin after they have died for the cause, the prophet, the extremist Muslim ways.
golan elzur

BBC - Ethics - Animal ethics: Experimenting on animals - 1 views

  • eriments are widely used to develop new medicines
  • Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products.
  • Two positions on animal experiments In favour of animal experiments: Experimenting on animals is acceptable if (and only if): suffering is minimised in all experiments human benefits are gained which could not be obtained by using other methods
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Against animal experiments: Experimenting on animals is always unacceptable because: it causes suffering to animals the benefits to human beings are not proven any benefits to human beings that animal testing does provide could be produced in other ways
  • Are animal experiments useful? Animal experiments only benefit human beings if their results are valid and can be applied to human beings. Not all scientists are convinced that these tests are valid and useful.
  • Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products.
  • In November 2008 the European Union put forward proposals to revise the directive for the protection of animals used in scientific experiments
  • The proposals have three aims: to considerably improve the welfare of animals used in scientific procedures
  • to ensure fair competition for industry to boost research activities in the European Union
  • The main changes proposed are:
  • to make it compulsory to carry out ethical reviews and require that experiments where animals are used be subject to authorisation to widen the scope of the directive to include specific invertebrate species and foetuses in their last trimester of development and also larvae and other animals used in basic research, education and training to set minimum housing and care requirements to require that only animals of second or older generations be used, subject to transitional periods, to avoid taking animals from the wild and exhausting wild populations to state that alternatives to testing on animals must be used when available and that the number of animals used in projects be reduced to a minimum to require member states to improve the breeding, accommodation and care measures and methods used in procedures so as to eliminate or reduce to a minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm caused to animals
Mihikaa Naik

"The Mozart Effect": A Small Part of the Big Picture - 0 views

  • the Mozart Effect actually does not increase general intelligence and lasts only a few minutes, it does not provide a substitute for music study and practice.
  • Studies have shown that music education and music-making have positive effects on many mental and behavioral factors that are themselves not part of music.
  • mass media have played a major role in starting and maintaining public excitement about the Mozart Effect.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • This story began in 1993 when Frances Rauscher, Gordon Shaw and Katherine Ky published a brief paper in the prestigious journal Nature
  • . The report by Rauscher, Shaw and Ky suggested that listening to music actually caused the brain to perform better in spatial reasoning, at least for a few minutes.
  • Mozart Effect was born as the idea that listening to Mozart increases intelligence
  • In short, they argue that the Mozart Effect is caused by a more pleasant mood.
  • Mozart Effect described here applies to children
  • long term involvement in music lessons
  • the question is whether or not brief exposure to certain music can produce long term improvements in intelligence, either limited to spatial/temporal abilities or to more general intelligence, then the answer is no.
  • Understanding and appreciating musical forms, genres, meanings and performances in historical, social and cultural context
  • Educated Listening in music classes for one or more school years
  • Reading musical notation, integrating sight, sound, touch and movements to perform and express self musically, solo, in cooperative group or both
  • Instrumental or vocal lessons and regular practice for several years
  • Mozart Effect requires only 10 minutes of exposure (not necessarily even attentive listening) to music.
Ingrid Sande

Minimum Drinking Age - 0 views

  • The U.S.
  • has one of the world's highest minimum drinking ages.
  • is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to possess alcoholic beverages of any kind.
  • ...13 more annotations...
  • Search Story and Title Text Search Title Text Only Sort Option For Results List By Relevance Rank By Story Date Optional Date Range &nbsp;&nbsp;(reset) From:&nbsp; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1900 1850 1800 1700 1600 To:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2010 2009 <
  • n many
  • laces, it was legal for people as young as 18 to purchase and drink alcohol.
  • The in
  • roduction of a
  • constitutional amendment lowering the U.S.'s voting age to 18 in 1971 ushered in a further wave of lowered
  • drinking ages in many states.
  • However, that tide was swiftly reversed beginning in the late 1970s.
  • federal law was passed in
  • 984 that effectively established a national minimum drinking age of 21
  • Is the current minimum drinking age of 21 a good idea, promoting safety and responsibility among American teenagers? Or has it backfired, causing an increasingly dangerous drinking culture among U.S. youth?
  • Critics, however, argue that the 21-and-over drinking laws have actually made for a more dangerous environment for American teenagers by prompting them to do their drinking in private, unsupervised environments
  • Supporters of the current minimum drinking age say that the higher age limit has reduced drunk driving deaths substantially, and generally makes for a safer environment. Teenagers and alcohol make for a potentially hazardous mix, supporters maintain, and any steps taken to separate those two elements should be welcomed. Additionally, the human body does not fully develop until around the age of 21, proponents say; the intake of alcohol can cause grave mental and physical damage to a still-developing body.
Aditi Buti

Poverty Does Not Cause Terrorism - Winds Of Jihad By SheikYerMami - 0 views

  • Al Qaeda’s terrorists cannot be connected based on their family or personal income. The one commonality they all share is an adherence to radical Islam.
  • a country’s level of political freedom better explains the presence of terrorism
  • There is a clear link between political freedom and terrorism.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • But most of the 9/11 hijackers and other al Qaeda terrorists who have tried to attack the United States cannot be classified as poor.
Aditi Buti

Jihad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

shared by Aditi Buti on 16 Nov 10 - Cached
  • religious duty of Muslims
  • Arabic, the word jihād translates into English as struggle.
  • ppears frequently in the Qur'an and common usage as the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of Allah
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Muslims use the word in a religious context to refer to three types of struggles: an internal struggle to maintain faith, the struggle to improve the Muslim society, or the struggle in a holy war
  • t British orientalist Bernard Lewis argues that in the Qur'an and the ahadith jihad implies warfare in the large majority of cases.
  • Mahatma Gandhi's satyagraha struggle for Indian independence is called a "jihad" in Modern Standard Arabic
  • The term 'jihad' has accrued both violent and non-violent meanings. It can simply mean striving to live a moral and virtuous life, spreading and defending Islam as well as fighting injustice and oppression, among other thi
  • d that
  • A commitment to hard work" and "achieving one's goals in life" "Struggling to achieve a noble cause" "Promoting peace, harmony or cooperation, and assisting others" "Living the principles of Islam"[14]
  • mean "duty toward God", a "divine duty", or a "worship of God", with no militaristic connotations. Other responses referenced, in descending order of prevalence:
  • A poll by Gallup showed that a "significant majority" of Muslim Indonesians define the term to mean "sacrificing one's life for the sake of Islam/God/a just cause" or "fighting against the opponents of Islam". In Lebanon, Kuwait, Jordan
  • and Morocco, the majority used the term to
  • jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under Islamic law, and may consist in wars against unbelievers, apostates, rebels, highway robbers and dissenters renouncing the authority of Islam
  • aim of jihad as warfare is not the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam by force, but rather the expansion and defense of the Islamic state
  • encourages the use of Jihad against non-Muslims.
  • Sura 25, verse 52 states: “Therefore, do not obey the disbelievers, and strive against them with this, a great striving.”[41] It was, therefore, the duty of all Muslims to strive against those who did not believe in Allah and took offensive action against Muslims. The Qu’ran, however, never uses the term Jihad for fighting and combat in the nam
  • Allah
  • qital is used to mean “fighting.” The struggle for Jihad in the Qu’ran was originally intended for the nearby neighbors of the Muslims, but as time passed and more enemies arose, the Qur'anic statements supporting Jihad were updated for the new adversaries.[40] The first documentation of the law of Jihad was written by ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Awza’i and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani. The document grew out of debates that had surfaced ever since Muhammad's death.[39] Early instances
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