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A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults. Holvik K, Madar AA, Meyer HE, Lofthus CM, Stene LC. Br J Nutr. 2007 Sep;98(3):620-5. Epub 2007 Apr 24. PMID: 17456248 We conclude that fish oil capsules and multivitamin tablets containing 10 microg cholecalciferol administered over a 4-week period produced a similar mean increase in s-25(OH)D concentration.

Wintertime vitamin D insufficiency is common in young Canadian women, and their vitamin D intake does not prevent it. Vieth R, Cole DE, Hawker GA, Trang HM, Rubin LA. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;55(12):1091-7. PMID: 11781676 INTERPRETATION: The self-reported vitamin D intake from milk and/or multivitamins does not relate to prevention of low vitamin D nutritional status of young women in winter. Recommended vitamin D intakes are too small to prevent insufficiency. Vitamin D nutrition can only be assessed by measuring serum 25(OH)D concentration.

Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Hyppönen E, Power C. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):860-8. PMID: 17344510 Conclusion: Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in the general population was alarmingly high during the winter and spring, which warrants action at a population level rather than at a risk group level. Data from the 1958 birth cohort suggest that, at different cutoffs for hypovitaminosis D, a substantial public health problem exists in British whites. Obese participants and those living in Scotland were at the highest risk of hypovitaminosis D. However, the prevalence in the general population was very high during the winter and spring, which suggests that, to improve the situation, action is required at a population level rather than at a risk-group level. In the United States, calls have gone out for an increase in vitamin D fortification of foods (11), and the data from the current study suggest that such action is also warranted in the United Kingdom. Vitamin D is currently available without prescription as a dietary supplement only as part of cod liver oil or multivitamin products; hence, a need clearly exists to consider increased availability of over-the-counter supplements. Hypovitaminosis D has been implicated in the development of serious conditions, including diabetes, various types of cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to its essential role in maintaining bone health (1, 2). The high rates of hypovitaminosis D reported in this study suggest that immediate action is needed to improve the vitamin D status of the British population.

Comment: The strengths of this randomized study include its high level of adherence and its use of a vitamin D dose sufficient to cause a biologically meaningful increase in serum levels. The adult daily value for vitamin D is 400 IU, but many U.S. women are vitamin-D-deficient (N Engl J Med 2007; 357:266). The Institute of Medicine considers doses up to 2000 IU to be without significant risk for adverse health effects. In addition to consuming dietary sources of vitamin D (see Table 1), most women will need supplements to achieve adequate intake. Multivitamins usually contain 400 IU of vitamin D.

"Kuluttajille on eräillä keskustelufoorumeilla yritelty uskotella, että öljypohjaiset D-vitamiinivalmisteet omaavat paremman biologisen hyväksikäytettävyyden kuin D-vitamiinitabletit, mutta tälle väitteelle ei löydy mitään tukea tieteellisestä kirjallisuudesta. Norjalaistutkimuksessa verrattiin D3-vitamiinia sisältävät multivitamiinitabletin ja D3-vitamiinia sisältävän kalaöljykapselin vaikutuksia seerumin (veren) 25-OH-D-vitamiinipitoisuuteen (S-25(OH)D). Koehenkilöt saivat neljän viikon ajan 10 mikrogrammaa D3-vitamiinia joko tableteista tai öljykapseleista. Tablettiryhmässä S-25(OH)D-pitoisuus nousi keskimäärin 35,8 nmol/l ja kapseliryhmässä 32,3 nmol/l. "We conclude that fish oil capsules and multivitamin tablets containing 10 microg cholecalciferol administered over a 4-week period produced a similar mean increase in s-25(OH)D concentration", päättelivät tutkijat. Vuotta aiemmin julkaistussa suomalaistutkimuksessa havaittiin, että D3-vitamiini imeytyy erilaisista leivistä samalla tehokkuudella kuin D-vitamiinivalmisteesta. Kanadalaistutkijat raportoivat juuston osalta samanlaisia tuloksia. Vuonna 2003 jenkkitutkijat totesivat, että "fat is not required for vitamin D to be bioavailable." Mainittakoon lopuksi, että D3-vitamiinitabletteihin lisätään yleensä D3-vitamiinivalmistetta, jossa on öljy jo valmiina. Ainesosaluetteloissa lukee lähes säännönmukaisesti "D3-vitamiinivalmiste" ja sen jälkeen suluissa pelkkä aktiiviaine eli "kolekalsiferoli" tai "sisältää mm. kolekalsiferolia ja soijaöljyä" tai jotain vastaavaa. Tämä D3-vitamiinivalmiste on sitten ympäröity täyteaineilla, jotka eivät vaikuta D3-vitamiinin imeytymiseen millään tavalla. Tabletti hajoaa hyvin nopeasti maha-suolikanavassa."

"NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Low vitamin D levels in the body may be deadly, according to a new study hinting that adults with lower, versus higher, blood levels of vitamin D may be more likely to die from heart disease or stroke. Vitamin D is an essential vitamin mostly obtained from direct sunlight exposure, but also found in foods and multivitamins. Dr. Annamari Kilkkinen, at the National Institute for Health and Welfare in Helsinki, Finland, and colleagues compared blood levels of vitamin D and deaths from heart disease or stroke over time in 2,817 men and 3,402 women in Finland."