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Gabriel Gallezot

About Dryad - 0 views

datadryad.org/about

publication_scientifique publication_électronique

shared by Gabriel Gallezot on 20 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Dryad is an international repository of data underlying peer-reviewed articles in the basic and applied biosciences, governed by a consortium of journals. Dryad welcomes the involvement of journals, editors, publishers, authors and others who support data archiving. Authors may submit data files associated with their publications. Editors and journals can facilitate their authors’ data archiving by setting up automatic notifications to Dryad of accepted manuscripts, streamlining the authors’ process for depositing data. To learn more about manuscript submission integration with Dryad, see the complete documentation and illustrations on the Dryad documentation site, or send us an email.
Michel Roland-Guill

10 Reading Revolutions Before E-Books - Science and Tech - The Atlantic - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...62004

reading lecture histoire

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 26 Aug 10 - Cached
  • 1. The phrase "reading revolution" was probably coined by German historian Rolf Engelsing. He certainly made it popular. Engelsing was trying to describe something he saw in the 18th century: a shift from "intensive" reading and re-reading of very few texts to "extensive" reading of many, often only once
  • other historians quickly found counterexamples of extensive premodern reading (Cicero and his letters) and intensive reading today
  • 2. Outside of scholarly circles, the top candidate is usually the better-known Print Revolution, usually associated with Johannes Gutenberg, who helped introduce movable type to Europe. Now, as Andrew Pettegree's new history The Book in the Renaissance shows, the early years of print were much messier than advertised: no one knew quite what to do with this technology, especially how to make money off of it.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • In Elizabeth Eisenstein's account in The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, print changed readers' expectations of texts, especially their universality and fidelity, since everyone everywhere was (in theory) reading an exact copy of an identical text. This assumption proved particularly instrumental in the subsequent Scientific Revolution. Benedict Anderson thought print helped readers of a common language in a highly fragmented Europe think of themselves as an "imagined community," crucial to forming the modern nation-state. Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong thought print helped further reorient language from sound to vision, paving the way for our screen-fixated present. This is a reorientation that, as Ong argued extensively, begins with writing itself.
  • 3. There are many crucial developments in the very early history of writing, but for the sake of time/space (writing being the primary technology that allows us to think of these interchangeably), let's cut to the emergence of the alphabet. From bureaucratic cuneiform to monumental hieroglyphs, early writing systems were mostly divorced from speech. Scripts where symbols matched consonants or syllables allowed you to exchange symbols for sounds. An abjad, like Phoenician, Hebrew, or Arabic, was a script for merchants, not scribes. This took on an additional order of magnitude with the emergence of the first proper alphabet, Greek. The Greeks took the Phoenician letters and 1) added symbols for vowels; 2) completely abstracted the names and images of the letters from words in the language.
  • As Ong notes, unlike writing or agriculture, the alphabet was only invented once - every single alphabet and abjad can trace itself back to the same Semitic roots.
  • 4. Now, the other major pre-Gutenberg "revolution" in the history of the book (and by now you may be getting the hint that not one of these revolutions were total coups that changed everything everywhere in an instant, leaving nothing of the old order behind) was in the shape, size, and design of the book itself. The shift from the rolled scroll to the folded codex as the dominant form of the book radically affected readers' conceptions not only of books, but of what kinds of reading were possible.
  • 5. The shift from scroll to codex was in turn enabled by a shift from papyrus to parchment and then paper
  • 6. This is especially true for arguably the most important reading revolution -- the industrial revolution. Gigantic presses powered by steam (and later, electric power) could crank out books and newspapers and advertisements that strained the always-fickle paper supply. Eventually, papermakers were able to invent a variety of mechanical and chemical techniques engineer decent-quality paper out of pulped wood, a supply that (unlike cloth rags) appeared limitless.
  • 7 & 8. If those analogies made sense to you, it's because reading has transformed even further in the electronic age. Entire new families of audiovisual media, transmitted wirelessly or on discs, cylinders, reels, and cassettes, became more essential to culture even as text continued to proliferate exponentially. The development and expansion of computing, too, introduced a few powerful wrinkles, like the conversion of alphanumeric text to binary languages, text written to be "read" by computers rather than humans, and greatly increasing the amount of reading and writing we perform on screens.
  • 9. There are two other reading revolutions worth mentioning, broad tendencies even less fixed to a particular historical moment. Communications legend Harold Innis suggested that the history of culture itself was characterized by a balance between media that persisted in time - think stone inscriptions and heavy parchment books -- and those offering the greatest portability across space, like paper, radio, and television.
  • modernity, for good or ill, had tipped the balance toward the ephemeral-but-portable, what Engelsing would call extensive rather than intensive media.
  • 10. My favorite reading revolution, though, isn't very famous, even though it was conceived by the very famous media theorist Walter Benjamin. It's the shift from vertical to horizontal writing, and then back to vertical again. He lays it out in his 1928 book One-Way Street: If centuries ago [writing] began gradually to lie down, passing from the upright inscription to the manuscript resting on sloping desks before finally taking itself to bed in the printed book, it now begins just as slowly to rise again from the ground. The newspaper is read more in the vertical than in the horizontal plane, while film and advertisements force the printed word entirely into the dictatorial perpendicular.
Michel Roland

Rough Type: Nicholas Carr's Blog: Situational overload and ambient overload - 0 views

www.roughtype.com/...situational_ove.php

Carr information veille information overload

shared by Michel Roland on 08 Mar 11 - Cached
  • "It's not information overload. It's filter failure."
  • Clay Shirky
  • 2008.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Better filters don't mitigate information overload; they intensify it. It would be more accurate to say: "It's not information overload. It's filter success."
  • Information overload actually takes two forms, which I'll call situational overload and ambient overload, and they need to be treated separately.
  • Situational overload is the needle-in-the-haystack problem
  • even though the amount of information available to us has exploded in recent years, the problem of situational overload has continued to abate
  • Ambient overload doesn't involve needles in haystacks. It involves haystack-sized piles of needles
  • We keep clicking links, keep hitting the refresh key, keep opening new tabs, keep checking email in-boxes and RSS feeds, keep scanning Amazon and Netflix recommendations - and yet the pile of interesting information never shrinks
  • The real source of information overload, at least of the ambient sort, is the stuff we like, the stuff we want. And as filters get better, that's exactly the stuff we get more of.
  • precisely because the information is of interest to us, we feel pressure to attend to it. As a result, our sense of overload increases
  • When the amount of information available to be filtered is effectively unlimited, as is the case on the Net, then every improvement in the quality of filters will make information overload worse.
  • Jane Jacobs makes the same point about streets and traffic congestion. Keep building more bigger and better streets, and more cars will come.
Michel Roland-Guill

Gilles RAVEAUD » Blog Archive » Zadig écrit à Valérie Pécresse - 0 views

alternatives-economiques.fr/...zadig-ecrit-a-valerie-pecresse

évaluation enseignants-chercheurs université enseignement supérieur recherche

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 10 Jun 11 - Cached
  • En définitive, l’investissement des enseignants-chercheurs dans les missions pédagogiques et administratives s’avère une stratégie nuisible à la carrière individuelle, dès lors que le seul critère de l’activité de publication est pris en compte dans l’accès aux fonctions de professeur et plus généralement dans les évolutions de carrière. Nous sommes soumis à une schizophrénie croissante à l’université : c’est au moment où l’on demande plus de professionnalisation, et donc plus d’investissement dans les tâches pédagogiques et administratives, que l’on réduit l’évaluation à la recherche [et selon une conception particulièrement étriquée de ce qui constitue de la “bonne” recherche]. La dynamique actuellement à l’oeuvre s’apparente à du « dumping fiscal » : chaque université, pour tenter d’attirer les « meilleurs » en recherche, se lance dans une surenchère de décharges de service et de compléments salariaux, sans aucun gain global pour la collectivité en termes de recherche, et qui ne fait que dévaloriser davantage l’investissement dans les tâches pédagogiques et administratives, les reporter sur des collègues qui se sentent de ce fait démotivés et créer un système pervers où les motivations intrinsèques (l’intérêt général, le sens du devoir, du service public) sont évincées par les motivations extrinsèques (primes et décharges d’enseignement).
Gabriel Gallezot

Zotero Blog » Blog Archive » Zotero Apps Go Mobile - 0 views

www.zotero.org/...zotero-apps-go-mobile

Zotero

shared by Gabriel Gallezot on 03 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Gabriel Gallezot on 03 Oct 11
     
    A tester sur smartphone...
Gabriel Gallezot

The Green Open Access Citation Advantage: Within-Journal Versus Between-Journal Compari... - 0 views

openaccess.eprints.org/index.php

AO

shared by Gabriel Gallezot on 04 May 11 - No Cached
  • Gabriel Gallezot on 04 May 11
     
    "The Green Open Access Citation Advantage: Within-Journal Versus Between-Journal Comparisons"
  • Gabriel Gallezot on 04 May 11
     
    "The Green Open Access Citation Advantage: Within-Journal Versus Between-Journal Comparisons"
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