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Michel Roland

Science Magazine: Science Express - 1 views

www.sciencemag.org/...recent

Science validation peerreview open_science scientific_communication Science 2.0 post-publication

shared by Michel Roland on 10 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • Michel Roland on 10 Jun 11
     
    "Science Express provides electronic publication of selected Science papers in advance of print. Some editorial changes may occur between the online version and the final printed version. Read More"
Michel Roland-Guill

Comment Twitter a changé la science | Slate - 1 views

www.slate.fr/...ce-arsenic-nasa-extraterrestre

Twitter science 2.0

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 10 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • L’évaluation par les pairs post-publication —et la science «ouverte» en général— fait de plus en plus d’adeptes dans la communauté scientifique. Toutefois, certains affirment qu’elle est plus efficace en théorie qu’en pratique. L’affaire #arseniclife constitue le premier cas d’article prestigieux à avoir été ouvertement rejeté par la communauté scientifique, influençant la manière dont le grand public l’avait perçu.
  • Autrefois, les scientifiques souhaitant émettre de telles critiques avaient un champ d’action plutôt restreint. Ils pouvaient écrire à Science en espérant que leur lettre soit publiée un jour, généralement bien après que l’attention du public se soit tournée vers d’autres sujets. Ils pouvaient écrire au journal local, en essayant de résumer leurs objections en moins de 50 mots. Ou enfin, ils pouvaient ronchonner autour d’une bière en compagnie de quelques collègues aux idées similaires. Aujourd’hui, ils peuvent former des communautés en ligne.
  • L'annonce en novembre dernier par la Nasa d'une découverte qui allait changer la recherche de vie extraterrestre et les débats en ligne entre scientifiques qui ont suivi marquent une révolution dans l’évaluation des études scientifiques.
Michel Roland-Guill

10 Reading Revolutions Before E-Books - Science and Tech - The Atlantic - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...62004

reading lecture histoire

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 26 Aug 10 - Cached
  • 1. The phrase "reading revolution" was probably coined by German historian Rolf Engelsing. He certainly made it popular. Engelsing was trying to describe something he saw in the 18th century: a shift from "intensive" reading and re-reading of very few texts to "extensive" reading of many, often only once
  • other historians quickly found counterexamples of extensive premodern reading (Cicero and his letters) and intensive reading today
  • 2. Outside of scholarly circles, the top candidate is usually the better-known Print Revolution, usually associated with Johannes Gutenberg, who helped introduce movable type to Europe. Now, as Andrew Pettegree's new history The Book in the Renaissance shows, the early years of print were much messier than advertised: no one knew quite what to do with this technology, especially how to make money off of it.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • In Elizabeth Eisenstein's account in The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, print changed readers' expectations of texts, especially their universality and fidelity, since everyone everywhere was (in theory) reading an exact copy of an identical text. This assumption proved particularly instrumental in the subsequent Scientific Revolution. Benedict Anderson thought print helped readers of a common language in a highly fragmented Europe think of themselves as an "imagined community," crucial to forming the modern nation-state. Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong thought print helped further reorient language from sound to vision, paving the way for our screen-fixated present. This is a reorientation that, as Ong argued extensively, begins with writing itself.
  • 3. There are many crucial developments in the very early history of writing, but for the sake of time/space (writing being the primary technology that allows us to think of these interchangeably), let's cut to the emergence of the alphabet. From bureaucratic cuneiform to monumental hieroglyphs, early writing systems were mostly divorced from speech. Scripts where symbols matched consonants or syllables allowed you to exchange symbols for sounds. An abjad, like Phoenician, Hebrew, or Arabic, was a script for merchants, not scribes. This took on an additional order of magnitude with the emergence of the first proper alphabet, Greek. The Greeks took the Phoenician letters and 1) added symbols for vowels; 2) completely abstracted the names and images of the letters from words in the language.
  • As Ong notes, unlike writing or agriculture, the alphabet was only invented once - every single alphabet and abjad can trace itself back to the same Semitic roots.
  • 4. Now, the other major pre-Gutenberg "revolution" in the history of the book (and by now you may be getting the hint that not one of these revolutions were total coups that changed everything everywhere in an instant, leaving nothing of the old order behind) was in the shape, size, and design of the book itself. The shift from the rolled scroll to the folded codex as the dominant form of the book radically affected readers' conceptions not only of books, but of what kinds of reading were possible.
  • 5. The shift from scroll to codex was in turn enabled by a shift from papyrus to parchment and then paper
  • 6. This is especially true for arguably the most important reading revolution -- the industrial revolution. Gigantic presses powered by steam (and later, electric power) could crank out books and newspapers and advertisements that strained the always-fickle paper supply. Eventually, papermakers were able to invent a variety of mechanical and chemical techniques engineer decent-quality paper out of pulped wood, a supply that (unlike cloth rags) appeared limitless.
  • 7 & 8. If those analogies made sense to you, it's because reading has transformed even further in the electronic age. Entire new families of audiovisual media, transmitted wirelessly or on discs, cylinders, reels, and cassettes, became more essential to culture even as text continued to proliferate exponentially. The development and expansion of computing, too, introduced a few powerful wrinkles, like the conversion of alphanumeric text to binary languages, text written to be "read" by computers rather than humans, and greatly increasing the amount of reading and writing we perform on screens.
  • 9. There are two other reading revolutions worth mentioning, broad tendencies even less fixed to a particular historical moment. Communications legend Harold Innis suggested that the history of culture itself was characterized by a balance between media that persisted in time - think stone inscriptions and heavy parchment books -- and those offering the greatest portability across space, like paper, radio, and television.
  • modernity, for good or ill, had tipped the balance toward the ephemeral-but-portable, what Engelsing would call extensive rather than intensive media.
  • 10. My favorite reading revolution, though, isn't very famous, even though it was conceived by the very famous media theorist Walter Benjamin. It's the shift from vertical to horizontal writing, and then back to vertical again. He lays it out in his 1928 book One-Way Street: If centuries ago [writing] began gradually to lie down, passing from the upright inscription to the manuscript resting on sloping desks before finally taking itself to bed in the printed book, it now begins just as slowly to rise again from the ground. The newspaper is read more in the vertical than in the horizontal plane, while film and advertisements force the printed word entirely into the dictatorial perpendicular.
Michel Roland

Enquête sur les pratiques documentaires des étudiants, chercheurs et enseigna... - 0 views

www.credoc.fr/...abstract.php

shared by Michel Roland on 11 Jul 08 - Cached
    • Michel Roland
      Michel Roland on 11 Jul 08
       
      il apparaît que 37% seulement de l'ensemble des étudiants (53% en L1) ont reçu, à Jussieu, une formation à la recherche documentaire alors que 80% ont des travaux à faire qui font appel à des recherches documentaires évaluées dans le cadre de leur formation. Par ailleurs, ils ne sont que 12% à juger ces formations très utiles et un tiers seulement sont demandeurs de formations de perfectionnement. Enfin, plus de 80% des enseignants de Jussieu considèrent que leurs étudiants ont reçu une formation insuffisante en la matière. Si l'on souligne ce constat, c'est qu'il est préjudiciable à la formation des étudiants et à leur capacité à s'insérer dans la recherche. Cette situation n'est d'ailleurs pas propre aux étudiants en sciences, mais elle est peu évoquée en France, alors qu'il s'agit d'une question jugée préoccupante ailleurs (par exemple au Canada). Ce déficit de compétences dans la maîtrise des outils de la recherche documentaire se répercute, manifestement, sur le degré de connaissance des bases d'informations scientifiques. La moitié seulement des étudiants connaissent des noms de sites de recherche utiles à leurs études : ne sont cités par plus de 10% des étudiants que Scholar Google, le SUDOC (système universitaire de documentation) et Web of Science.
    • Michel Roland
      Michel Roland on 11 Jul 08
       
      Il apparaît des différences très marquées entre les pratiques des étudiants qui utilisent la BIUSJ comme espace de consultation d'ouvrages et comme lieu de travail, et celles des enseignants et chercheurs qui sont principalement intéressés par l'emprunt d'ouvrages (plutôt les enseignants) et de revues (plutôt les chercheurs).
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