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The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0sefze Anakho Dlangudlangu 221107980
shared by dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ican coast. By the second century A.D. the coast, as far as 10? S., was 'subject under some ancient right to the sovereignty of the power which held the primacy in Arabia', and Arab merchants were exporting ivory from it in
  • hroughout the early and later middle ages. Al Masudi, writing in the early Ioth century says that elephants were extremely common in the land of Zinj, and that it was from this country that large elephant tusks were obtained: 'Most of the ivory is carried to Oman whence it is sent to India and Chin
  • rtuguese domination of the coast from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continued to be an important export; it receives more mention in Portuguese records than does the slave trade. In the sixteenth century 30,000 lb. of ivory passed through the port of Sofala
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • ughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      the trade of ivory was bigger than the slave trade in the nineteenth century.
  • ucrative,
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      Producing a great deal of wealth or profit
  • The onslaught on the ivory reserves of the East African interior in the nineteenth century took the form of a two-way thrust, that from the north by the Egyptians under Muhammad Ali, which penetrated southwards into the Sudan and Equatoria, and that from the east coast by the Arabs under Sultan Said of Zanzibar, following the transference of the seat of his authority from Muscat to Zanzibar in I83
  • Arab traders returning from the interior brought back tales of great riches in ivory to be had almost for the taking. European travellers added to and embroidered
  • Katomba's people arrived from Babisa where they sold all their copper at two rings for a tusk, then found that abundance of ivory still remained, door posts, and house pillars had been made of ivory which was now rotten. The people of Babisa kill elephants now and bring tusks by the dozen till traders get so many that they carried them in relays.8
  • e to the
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      the commercial transport of goods
  • The British East Africa Company purchased ivory in Buganda at the rate of 35 lb. of ivory for two kegs of powd
  • Other trade articles included scissors, looking-glasses, picture books, jointed jumping dolls, rings, daggers, naval and cavalry sabres, and cooking pot
  • ever as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Soft ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • Ivory tusks ranged in weight from the small tusks destined for the Indian market and weighing no more than a few pounds, to the huge tusks of 200 lb. and more which were regularly carried to the coast.13 S
  • hand in preference to his left, so an elephant works with a particular tusk'. One tusk is usually more worn and lighter than the other; and it is frequently broken owing to its use as a lever to tear up small trees, he
  • e. Ivory also fell into the ruler's hands in the form of tribute from subject states.15 The arrival of Basoga and Bakedi chiefs bearing rich presents of ivory was a common occurrence at Mutesa's court, as the first missionaries in Uganda obse
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-36 lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivo
  • nsion and development, and this required more capital than the Arab possessed. The first Europeans to arrive on the East African coast had found the ivory trade largely in the hands of the Indian merchants at Zan
  • emarked: 'The whole trade in ivory, slaves, and gum copal is carried on by the natives of India, the ivory is consigned to them from the
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 25 Apr 23
       
      ivory traders were not only trading ivory but were also trading slaves, gum copal and other plants
  • The quest for ivory was never-ending. The price on the world market was remarkably free from fluctuations; no commodity retained such a stable price as did ivory in the nineteenth
  • uld be exchanged for more ivory, which was brought daily into the camp. The rate of exchange, a cow for a tusk of ivory, offered a very profitable transaction, since the cows cost nothing. Baker speaks of expeditions capturing as many as 2,000 ca
  • Ivory from Bunyoro had very little outlet until almost the end of the century; ivory traders from the north did not penetrate this far south, and Bunyoro's trade south and eastwards was strictly controlled by Buganda.
  • The last region to be exploited for its ivory was northern Kenya. The formidable reputation of the Masai had kept this area free from interlopers. The few Arab caravans which had dared to enter Masailand in i882-83 were wiped out. However, the uneventful trip of Joseph Thomson through Masailand in 1884 and the expeditions of Carl Peters and Count Teleki in 1888-89 did much to debunk the rep
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Avorio d'ogni ragione: the supply of elephant ivory to northern Europe in the Gothic er... - 1 views

diigo.com/0seco9 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • This article accounts for the hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France through an alteration in the medieval trade routes that brought elephant tusks from Africa to northern Europe
  • why, after a scarcity of elephant ivory in northern Europe during the twelfth century, was there sudden access to such large tusks around 1240?
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      ?
  • nflux
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Influx? Definition: an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • ephant ivory in this period is linked directlytotheeconomiesof thetextile-producingcities of theNetherlands,EnglandandnorthernFrance
  • foragers
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Foragers? Definition: a person or animal that searches widely for food or provisions.
  • sks and other products (honey, wax, skins of big cats, rhinoceros horns,
  • tusks and other products (honey, wax, skins of big cats, rhinoceros horns, and so on) with Swahili merchants for shells and items manufactured by Swahili artisans specifically for inland trade, including glass beads, metal knives, arrowheads, spears and jewellery
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      What is done by elephant ivory? People make products like: knives, spears, and jewelry to trade and make money from that.
  • By the late-thirteenth century elephant he ig h t.
  • when the al-Daftar was written, however, the import of elephant tusks into northern France was near its
  • Chinese celadon pottery, silk, cotton, books, paper, glassware and distinctive Yemeni black-on-yellow pottery. 3
  • surfei
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Surfeit? Definition: an excessive amount of something.
  • The last leg of ivory’s journey from Alexandria or the Maghrib to northern Europe, therefore, took place courtesy of Italian merchants, at first Genoese and then others. The elephant tusks were brought to Majorca, where they were loaded with a large volume of alum and a small quantity of other precious goods on ships destined for the textile centres of the north.
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      African countries would trade elephant tusks to the northern part of Europe.
  • The increased supply of ivory in northern Europe echoes precisely the increasing frequency of these Mediterranean-Atlantic voyages: prior to the elephant ivory
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The ivory trade and elephant conservation.pdf - 3 views

diigo.com/0seco3 Cici Sebego
shared by cicisebego on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • In response to significant elephant population declines in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for ivory, the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) banned the international trade in Asian and African elephant species by listing them on Appendix I in 1973 and 1989, respectiv
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slight decline of elephant in the 1970s to 1980s has led to the the CITES banning ivory trade.
  • in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching f
  • In 1997, the CITES Conference of Parties voted to allow Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • uction
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Auction? Definition: an area where there is a public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most.
  • tonnes of government ivory stockpiles to Japanese traders on a one-off experimental basis, which took place in 199
  • government ivory stockpiles to Japanese
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe were the only three countries to do a once of trade with Japanese traders in 1999.
  • ry-
  • ant
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti ivory? Definition: the opposite or being against something.
  • resulting in a surge of elephant poaching
  • environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have ivory
  • ns. Elephant conservation and public welfare can be better served by legal ivory trade than by a trade
  • economic development and increased tourism, particularly in Asia. The ivory trade was widely recognized as the single most important cause of substantial elephant population d
  • 04. The Fifth African Elephant Range States Dialogue Communiqué at CITES 12 demonstrated that most African elephant range state governments supported limited re-listing of the African elephant to Appendix II, ivory me
  • I (1) assess the effectiveness of the ivory and elephant poaching, (2) review arguments both for and against reopening the international trade in elephant ivory, and (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory dem
  • 1989 CITES ivory trade ban in reducing
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interventions that were brought into power to prevent poaching.
  • (3) suggest new ways to reduce ivory demand
  • 1987, the Group estimated that the elephant population had declined to 760000 (African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group 1987). In
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The illegal poaching of Elephants and Rhinos is something very common in the African context.
  • vory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa. ! Sources: Cobb (1989), Martin and Stiles (2000, 2003), Dublin and Jachmann (1992) and Dublin et al. (1995)
  • Ivory trade indicators for pre-ban 1989 and post-ban years in Asia and Africa.
  • Wild elephant population estimates (number of elephants) for South and South-east Asia in the late 1980s and 2000. Sources: Santiapillai and Jackson (1990), Kemf and Santiapillai (2000) and Martin and Stiles (2002). Country Late 1980s 2000 Nepal 90 70 Sri Lanka 2950 2500-3000 Myanmar 6500 4820 Thailand 1650 1650 Laos 2500 1125 Cambodia 2000 250 Viet Nam 1750 135 Total 17440 10550
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      A table showing the decline of elephants from 1980s to the year 2000
  • g of ivory. The Asian elephant carries a considerably smaller average tusk weight than the African because few females have tusks and the few that do have small tusks, and there has been hunting selection pressure that has lowered the proportion of bulls carrying tusk
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      There is a hunting selection when it comes to poaching elephant tusks. the Asian elephants have smaller tusks compared to African elephants. -so this shows that the more bigger the tusk, the more the poacher can make better profit.
  • ic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling ivory represents a negative perception of goods, in this case ivory, by potential consumers when they think that the goods were obtained illegally or in
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the pu
  • mic modelling. The former term refers to the benefits that the public of ivory selling countries would receive from ivory sales, and the latter term represents a negative perception of good
  • Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Countries with high number of elephant poaching.
  • 3). Because enforcement intensity has not been constant over time in many ivory would not be valid to make across the board comparisons of pre- and post- 1999 ivory seizure da
  • ng and consuming countr
  • of the most activ
  • ching. Rather, evidence suggests that all wildlife poaching and illegal trade are correlated with lax law enforcement, corruption and lack of government investment in wildlife cons
  • ation involving legal national ivory markets in the context of an illegal international ivory trade appears to encourage elephant poaching. Most markets cannot meet demand by legal ivory, thus they resort to illegal ivory. An ideal scenario would involve a legal ivory trade that would benefit range state governments and citizens, supplied by ivory from naturally deceased and culled problem elephants, to supply markets. If range state countries could supply legal ivory to meet demand, poaching would be reduced or even eliminated. Why would a trader assume the risk to buy illegal ivory if legal ivory were available at comparable quality and prices?
  • nd actions must come into effect to deal with increased elephant and other wildlife numbers when conse
  • t conservati
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      Conservation? Definition: prevention of wasteful use of a resource.
  • ng even after the 1973 and 1989 CITES Asian and African ivory trade bans. The 1990 ban did succeed in lowering the scale of ivory trading at national levels and reducing elephant poaching fro
    • cicisebego
      cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
       
      The banning of the ivory trade was able to lower the number of people who killed elephants.
  • cicisebego on 25 Apr 23
     
    This is a very interesting reading by Daniel Stiles, it showed how the poaching of elephants became a problem when there was a slight decline in the 1970s to 1980s due to the high number of ivory trading that was taking place at the time. Non-governmental organizations and CITES came up with ways to ban the trade of ivory, of which is the reason why the generation of today is able to know about elephants without being told about them.
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November 12, 1856 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do Busisiwe Mandlazi
shared by busisiwe4444 on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • busisiwe4444 on 24 Apr 23
     
    This is the monograph which was written by the Scottish explorer David Livingston, on his expedition to Zambezi and the discoveries that he had discovered there such as a Victoria Falls. In this monograph he explained in detail how was the Victoria Falls, about the countries in Zambesi such as Tete how they lived and how the country was, and he also mentioned the Slave trade since he was against it.
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THE ZULU WAR.pdf - 2 views

diigo.com/0secko Thuto Matlhoko History 2A The Zulu Kingdom Zulu War
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  • thutomatlhoko on 24 Apr 23
     
    The article titled The Zulu War is about an unjust war between Great Britain and the Zulus. The British Governor invaded and seized the Zulu's land ,Cetywayo. it is stated the the Zulu people were fighting for their territory and independence, however they were defeated with a great slaughter as thousands of naked Zulu people were shot.
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Full article: Tracing the links between elephants, humans, and landscapes during the ni... - 1 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0067270X.2012.674189 Rabodetse Thendo 220060115
shared by raboditsethendo on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • ivory had been traded out of East Africa for centuries, the increasing scale of extraction in the nineteenth century would, in all probability, have had significant consequences for humans, elephants and the landscape. In order to understand these consequences, however, it is imperative to know where this ivory was being extracted and traded along East African caravan routes to then be able to consider the local ecosystems that were most affected by the trade
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Domestic ivory trade: the supply chain for raw ivory in Thailand is driven by the finan... - 0 views

diigo.com/0secf1 Rabodetse Thendo 220060115
shared by raboditsethendo on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The international trade in wildlife parts and products is of significant conservation concern. The global demand for ivory, for example, is considered to be a significant threat to African elephant populations
    • raboditsethendo
      raboditsethendo on 24 Apr 23
       
      The ivory trade endangered the elephant species especially in africa as elephants were getting killed in huge numbers.
  • Ivory products, such as jewelry or sacred items, are manufactured in two main areas: Surin in the Northeast, and Nakhon Sawan and Uthai Thani in the North. Manufacturers in Surin source tusks from Surin-based elephants that are either living locally or working in other areas. Raw tusks sourced from the South and the North have lower prices. Tusks from Southern owners are largely sold to Surin manufacturers; some are supplied to manufacturers in Nakhon Sawan.
    • raboditsethendo
      raboditsethendo on 24 Apr 23
       
      The ivory was used to manifucture different types of products. the ivory trade benefited the traders as it generated a lot of money and welth to them.
2More

Domestic ivory trade: the supply chain for raw ivory in Thailand is driven by the finan... - 0 views

www.tandfonline.com/...10871209.2022.2143600 Rabodetse Thendo 220060115
shared by raboditsethendo on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The chain consists of activities of five key groups of supply chain actors: elephant owners, intermediaries, manufacturers, retailers, and ivory customers.
  • The international trade in wildlife parts and products is of significant conservation concern. The global demand for ivory, for example, is considered to be a significant threat to African elephant populations
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