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asanda

Firearms in Nineteenth-Century Botswana: The Case of Livingstone's 8-Bore Bullet.pdf - 3 views

Asanda Minenhle KUZWAYO 222141038

shared by asanda on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Although closely associated with the South African experience, the pre-colonial emergence of an indigenous gun culture among communities within modern Botswana was a determining factor in the territory’s separate colonial and thus postcolonial destiny. Possession of guns, accompanied by a rapid adoption of new military as well as hunting tactics for their use, played a key role in the reformation of local polities during the midnineteenth century. By 1870 most of modern Botswana had as a result come under the authority of four kingdoms; led by the Dikgosi of Bakwena (Kweneng), Bangwaketse (Gangwaketse), Bangwato (Gammangwato) and Batawana (Gatawana). 8 The political authority of each of these kingdoms, along with the border states of the Barolong booRatshidi (Borolong), Bakgatla bagaKgafela (Kgatleng) and Balete (Gammalete), was supported by the protective as well as coercive capacity of their arsenals. 9 This in turn enabled them to resist repeated threats to their independent well-being by the Amandebele and Boers. Defensive state formation in south-east Botswana further resulted in a considerable population influx from the Transvaal, permanently altering the region’s demography. An 1857 visitor to the Bakwena capital, Dithubaruba, thus observed that
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this is important because it is where pre-colonial began which emergence of an indigenous gun culture among communities within modern Botswana which was a determining factor in territory separate colonial
  • Praise poetry from the period further serves to underscore the fact that the story of guns has been as much about their quality as quantity. The Bangwato Kgosi Khama III is remembered as the hero who does not sit by the fire, who when the tribes came together, came together and went to fetch wood, remained behind and examined the rifles; he picked out those for shooting far, he picked out carbines and breechloaders. 1
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this one is unexpected that the story of guns has been as much about their quality as quantity
  • In July 1876, just a decade after their battlefield superiority over muzzleloaders was demonstrated at the Battle of Koniggratz, the acquisition of breechloaders by Khama’s mentor, Sechele, is credited with enabling the Bakwena to gain the upper hand in a firefight on the outskirts of Molepolole against Linchwe’s Bakgatla bagaKgafela. 13 Thereafter, possession of breechloaders was a common and critical factor in subsequent Batswana martial success. Among Linchwe’s praise poems one thus finds reference to his subsequent use of Martini rifles against the Boers. 14 Batswana were also quick to incorporate gun wielding cavalry into their military formations and tactics. 15 Horsemen armed with breechloaders played a decisive role in what is believed to have been the most sanguinary of Botswana’s many nineteenth-century fire-fights, the 1884 engagement at Khutiyabasadi, where Batawana and Wayeyi slaughtered over 1,500 Amandebele invaders. 1
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this is confusing because i don't understand why did the other places get in a battle and it was so much wars between places
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The military and consequent political significance of firearms to the evolution of nineteenth-century Botswana is paralleled by the social and environmental impact of their use in hunting. The acquisition of guns was both a cause and consequence of a surge in the region’s hunting trade from the 1840s; involving the export of ivory, karosses and ostrich feathers from hunting grounds largely falling under the effective control of the Dikgosi of Kweneng, Gammangwato, Gangewaketse and Gatawana. 17 Besides leading to a rapid decline in wildlife, and consequent expansion of arable and pastoral lands, hunting with guns reinforced social stratification in many areas. This is exemplified by patterns of subordination and servitude in the Kgalagadi between Batswana notables and Bakgalagari and Basarwa or Khoe/San communities. 18 By the late nineteenth century regimental expectations of gun ownership, coupled with a relative decline in commercial hunting, was a material factor that drove men to seek employment at the Kimberley and Gauteng mines. Like other groups in the region from an early date Batswana were able to produce their own gunpowder as well as shot. 19 Also as elsewhere on the continent, smoothbore muskets could often be serviced by local blacksmiths, an indigenous capacity that in some areas survived until relatively recent times. 20 Besides munitions evidence, there are other material manifestations of transformation connected to the spread of guns and associated technology. In 1845 the hunter-trader Roualeyn Gordan Cumming observed, while visiting Sechele’s then centre at Tshonwane (Chonuane), that:
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this is the main idea because it talks about the trade of guns which led to the different wars
asanda

The Migrations of Yao and Kololo into Southern Malawi: Aspects of Migrations in Ninetee... - 4 views

Asanda Minenhle KUZWAYO 222141038

shared by asanda on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Throughout their history, the Mang'anja were in contact with their neighbors, fighting or trading with them, and emigrating to or accepting immigrants from the surrounding, culturally related regions. This interaction was intensified in the nineteenth century as southern Malawi became the focus of numerous migrating groups, including Ngoni, Yao, Kololo and British settlers. It is with two of these groups, the Yao and Kololo, who established themselves as political authorities in southern Malawi in the 1860s and 1870s, that this paper is concerned. The quantity and quality of available evidence, both oral and written, makes it possible to examine these migrations in some detail. A closer look at certain aspects of these migrations; their composition, the factors which pushed and pulled the migrants, the impact of economic and political circumstances in the "host" region, and the factors which determined their ultimate success or failure, will produce a clearer picture of these migrations, and suggest some general observations about the process of migration in pre-colonial Africa.2
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this event is important because it tells us about conflict in southern AFRICA AFTER having guns. which lead them to began war with different countries which is the process of migration in pre-colonial africa.
  • attacked the Machinga Yao. At least some of these attacks were for the purpose of capturing slaves to sell at the coast for cloth. Being armed with guns, the invaders were able to defeat the Machinga, who fled into the territory of their neighbors, the Yao living around the Mangoche hills.4 Additional information concerning these events is provided by Yohanna B. Abdallah, who cites internecine warfare among the Makua brought on by famine as the cause of the attacks. In this version the defeated Makua fled, armed with guns, to invade Machinga Yao country, thus setting off the chain reaction in which group after group was dislodged and fled before invaders, in the process becoming invaders themselves.5 An alternative or supplementary explanation is offered by E.A. Alpers, who suggests that the growth of the slave trade at Mozambique and Ibo supports the theory that slave raiding by Makua in the Meto district may have played a part in these events.
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this one is unexpected because what have i notice is that i though their just having slave but know i see that they gain more power to take slave by being armed with guns. and their attacks was unexpected to other countries that didn't have guns. moreover their trade of slavery was unexpected to grow that high after other countries have guns
  • Success in the long run, however, depended not only on local conditions, but also on the attitudes and capabilities each of the migrant groups brought with it to this situation. Every group, like every individual, is molded by its past experience, and it is to some extent a matter of chance whether that experience proves functional or otherwise in a given situation. For the Yao and the Kololo, past experience proved to be a useful guide for future success in the unsettled conditions of southern Malawi in the 1860s and 1870s. The Kololo, coming from a recently organized conquest state, carried with them knowledge of the practices of successful conquerors, while the Yao were able to draw on a long history of contact with the people of the region, and both groups were able, using previously acquired skills and knowledge, to take advantage of the economic opportunities which this region offered.
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      this is mean ending conflict of guns in Southern AFRICA course it tell us that places in southern Africa were able to make growth in their economic because of guns and trading they were making
asanda

guns that were trade in southern Africa 1800s - 2 views

Asanda Minenhle KUZWAYO 222141038

shared by asanda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • asanda on 25 Apr 23
     
    this is a picture that show guns that were trade in southern Africa during 1800s. This guns were used at Botswana during the wars with Boers, and also to trade people.
asanda

Diigo - Consul ELTON FROM GALE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.pdf - 6 views

www.diigo.com/asanda

A.M KUZWAYO 222141038 in southern Africa

shared by asanda on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • asanda
      asanda on 21 Apr 23
       
      THIS PRIMARY SOURCE IS ABOUT THE WARS AND TRADE OF GUNS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. IT IS THE CONFLICT OR TRANSFORMATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICA IN NINETEENTH CENTURY BEFORE 1890 WHEN SOUTHERN AFRICA BEGAN TO HAVE GUNS AND HAVE ACCESS TO TRADE IT. IT TALKS ABOUT COLONASATION OF AFRICA, POLITICAL, CIVILASATION, ETC., THAT HAPPENED AFTER THEY GET ACCESS TO THE GUNS. BY THE TRADE OF GUNS THE EARNED LOT OF MONEY BY THE AMATONGA WHO EMIGRATE TO NATAL IN SEARCH OF WORK WHICH WAS SPENT BY THE ORDER OF THEIR CHIEFS. THEIR COMBINATION AS THE GUN, RUM, PERMITTED AND LEAD TRADE SOUTH OF THE ZULU COUNTRY, AND AMONGST THE AMATONGA, PERMITTED FOR THE FUTURE WITHOUT A CHECK WITHIN THE TOWN OF LOURENCO MARQUES BY THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT,IT IS, I FEAR, MY LORD, BUT A SORRY LOOK OUT FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NATIVE RACES OF SOUTH EAST AFRICA.
asanda

exchange of guns in southern Africa newspaper - 2 views

Asanda Minenhle KUZWAYO

shared by asanda on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
    • asanda
      asanda on 25 Apr 23
       
      it show the bound book, Africa in a nut shell, for stamp album of money that they made by trade with them.
    • asanda
      asanda on 25 Apr 23
       
      it show the bound book, Africa in a nut shell, for stamp album of money that they made by trade with them. it all about income they were earn by exchanging guns and other goods
  • asanda on 25 Apr 23
     
    this news paper showing the exchange of guns and pricing they were earn by exchanging guns. it is column of money and guns that they were tranding during 1800s
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