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incremental changes herald the disappearance of K-12 age-graded public schools or the dominant patterns of teacher-centered instruction. What these gradual changes will translate into is a broad array of options for teaching and learning available to both teachers and students. About these ads var wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; var wpcom_adclk_recorded = false; var wpcom_adclk_theme = "Pilcrow"; var wpcom_adclk_slot = "wpcom_below_post_adsafe"; var wpcom_adclk_network = ( typeof wpcom_adclk_network === "undefined" ) ? "" : wpcom_adclk_network ; jQuery(document).ready( function() { function wpcom_adclk_hover_yes() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = true; } function wpcom_adclk_hover_no() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; } jQuery(".wpa").click(wpcom_adclk_click); jQuery(".wpa iframe").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(".wpa object").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(window).blur( function() { if ( wpcom_adclk_hovering ) { wpcom_adclk_click(); } }); }); function wpcom_adclk_impression() { var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); return true; } function wpcom_adclk_click() { if (wpcom_adclk_recorded) { return true; } // no double counting var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); wpcom_adclk_recorded = true; var now=new Date(); var end=now.getTime()+250; while(true){now=new Date();if(now.getTime()>end){break;}} return true; } if ( typeof GA_googleAddAttr == 'function' ) { GA_googleAddAttr("AdOpt", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Origin", "other"); GA_googleAddAttr("LangId", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Domain", "larrycuban.wordpress.com"); GA_googleAddAttr("BlogId", "8903150"); GA_googleAddAttr("PageURL", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleAddAttr("AdSafe", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Autotag", "education"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology-use"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology"); GA_googleAddAttr("Partner", "AOL"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_bg", "ffffff"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_border", "bbbbbb"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_text", "333333"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_link", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_url", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAdSensePageAttr("google_page_url", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleFillSlot("wpcom_below_post_adsafe"); } jQuery( window ).load( function() { if ( jQuery(".wpa script[src*='virool.com']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa script[src*='shareth.ru']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='boomvideo.tv']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='viewablemedia.net']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa .sharethrough-placement").length > 0 ) { jQuery( '.wpa' ).css( 'width', '400px' ); } setTimeout(function(){if(typeof GS_googleAddAdSenseService !== 'function'){new Image().src=document.location.protocol+"//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv&x_noads=adblock&baba="+Math.random()}},100); } ); Share this:ShareTwitter29share-li

None of these incremental changes herald the disappearance of K-12 age-graded public schools or the dominant patterns of teacher-centered instruction. What these gradual changes will translate into is a broad array of options for teaching and learning available to both teachers and students. About these ads var wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; var wpcom_adclk_recorded = false; var wpcom_adclk_theme = "Pilcrow"; var wpcom_adclk_slot = "wpcom_below_post_adsafe"; var wpcom_adclk_network = ( typeof wpcom_adclk_network === "undefined" ) ? "" : wpcom_adclk_network ; jQuery(document).ready( function() { function wpcom_adclk_hover_yes() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = true; } function wpcom_adclk_hover_no() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; } jQuery(".wpa").click(wpcom_adclk_click); jQuery(".wpa iframe").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(".wpa object").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(window).blur( function() { if ( wpcom_adclk_hovering ) { wpcom_adclk_click(); } }); }); function wpcom_adclk_impression() { var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); return true; } function wpcom_adclk_click() { if (wpcom_adclk_recorded) { return true; } // no double counting var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); wpcom_adclk_recorded = true; var now=new Date(); var end=now.getTime()+250; while(true){now=new Date();if(now.getTime()>end){break;}} return true; } if ( typeof GA_googleAddAttr == 'function' ) { GA_googleAddAttr("AdOpt", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Origin", "other"); GA_googleAddAttr("LangId", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Domain", "larrycuban.wordpress.com"); GA_googleAddAttr("BlogId", "8903150"); GA_googleAddAttr("PageURL", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleAddAttr("AdSafe", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Autotag", "education"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology-use"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology"); GA_googleAddAttr("Partner", "AOL"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_bg", "ffffff"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_border", "bbbbbb"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_text", "333333"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_link", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_url", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAdSensePageAttr("google_page_url", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleFillSlot("wpcom_below_post_adsafe"); } jQuery( window ).load( function() { if ( jQuery(".wpa script[src*='virool.com']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa script[src*='shareth.ru']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='boomvideo.tv']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='viewablemedia.net']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa .sharethrough-placement").length > 0 ) { jQuery( '.wpa' ).css( 'width', '400px' ); } setTimeout(function(){if(typeof GS_googleAddAdSenseService !== 'function'){new Image().src=document.location.protocol+"//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv&x_noads=adblock&baba="+Math.random()}},100); } ); Share this:ShareTwitter29 cl

chools or the dominant patterns of teacher-centered instruction. What these gradual changes will translate into is a broad array of options for teaching and learning available to both teachers and students. About these ads var wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; var wpcom_adclk_recorded = false; var wpcom_adclk_theme = "Pilcrow"; var wpcom_adclk_slot = "wpcom_below_post_adsafe"; var wpcom_adclk_network = ( typeof wpcom_adclk_network === "undefined" ) ? "" : wpcom_adclk_network ; jQuery(document).ready( function() { function wpcom_adclk_hover_yes() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = true; } function wpcom_adclk_hover_no() { wpcom_adclk_hovering = false; } jQuery(".wpa").click(wpcom_adclk_click); jQuery(".wpa iframe").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(".wpa object").hover( wpcom_adclk_hover_yes, wpcom_adclk_hover_no ); jQuery(window).blur( function() { if ( wpcom_adclk_hovering ) { wpcom_adclk_click(); } }); }); function wpcom_adclk_impression() { var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_imp_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); return true; } function wpcom_adclk_click() { if (wpcom_adclk_recorded) { return true; } // no double counting var stat_gif = document.location.protocol + "//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv"; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme=" + wpcom_adclk_theme; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_placement="+wpcom_adclk_slot; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_network=" + wpcom_adclk_network; stat_gif += "&x_ads_click_theme_network="+wpcom_adclk_theme+"_"+wpcom_adclk_network; new Image().src = stat_gif + "&baba=" + Math.random(); wpcom_adclk_recorded = true; var now=new Date(); var end=now.getTime()+250; while(true){now=new Date();if(now.getTime()>end){break;}} return true; } if ( typeof GA_googleAddAttr == 'function' ) { GA_googleAddAttr("AdOpt", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Origin", "other"); GA_googleAddAttr("LangId", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Domain", "larrycuban.wordpress.com"); GA_googleAddAttr("BlogId", "8903150"); GA_googleAddAttr("PageURL", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleAddAttr("AdSafe", "1"); GA_googleAddAttr("Autotag", "education"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology-use"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "how-teachers-teach"); GA_googleAddAttr("Tag", "technology"); GA_googleAddAttr("Partner", "AOL"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_bg", "ffffff"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_border", "bbbbbb"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_text", "333333"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_link", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAttr("theme_url", "1c9bdc"); GA_googleAddAdSensePageAttr("google_page_url", "https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/12/31/predictions-about-technology-in-k-12-and-higher-education-for-2025/"); GA_googleFillSlot("wpcom_below_post_adsafe"); } jQuery( window ).load( function() { if ( jQuery(".wpa script[src*='virool.com']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa script[src*='shareth.ru']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='boomvideo.tv']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa iframe[src*='viewablemedia.net']").length > 0 || jQuery(".wpa .sharethrough-placement").length > 0 ) { jQuery( '.wpa' ).css( 'width', '400px' ); } setTimeout(function(){if(typeof GS_googleAddAdSenseService !== 'function'){new Image().src=document.location.protocol+"//pixel.wp.com/g.gif?v=wpcom-no-pv&x_noads=adblock&baba="+Math.random()}},100); } ); Share this:ShareTwitter29https://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2014/

Blended learning, including “flipped” classrooms, continue to spread across the country. Many teacher and principal bloggers tout how they have integrated the use of new devices into daily lessons, including lessons for Common Core standards

With all of the above occurring, one would think that by 2025, age-graded schools and the familiar teaching and learning that occurs today in K-12 and universities  would have exited the rear door. Not so.

etting access to powerful electronic devices for all students and teachers is surely a victory for those who believe in better technologies solving teaching and learning problems. But access does not dictate use, especially the kind of use that vendors and  technophiles ardently seek

In the past four years, I have predicted that textbooks will be digitized, online learning will spread, and the onset of computer testing will create more access to devices across schools and accelerate classroom usage. These developments will occur incrementally over the next decade and will be obvious to observers but hardly dominant in K-12 age-graded schools.

While higher education textbooks  have shifted markedly to e-books and less expensive ways of getting content into students’ devices, the K-12 market remains a proprietary domain of a handful of publishers (e.g. Pearson, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, and McGraw-Hill Education) in part due to the mechanics of  certain states (e.g.Florida, California, and Texas) dominating which texts get chosen.

12 online learning will also spread slowly, very slowly, as blended learning and “flipped” classrooms gain traction. Both of these innovative twists on traditional classroom teaching, however, will reinforce the age-graded school, not dismantle it.

If leaders want people to try new things, they have to openly show, that they are willing to do the same.

we have access to so much information, not only from schools, but from outside organizations.

The least innovative organizations often seem to surround themselves with like-minded people.

Spending time with people and building solid relationships with them often leads to them going miles beyond what is expected and move away from “what has always been done”.  When people know they are valued and safe in trying new things, they are more likely to do something better.  This is at the core of an innovative school.

should try to create new ideas, but it is more important that they create a culture of innovation

Some would argue that grit is inherent in Albert Bandura’s research on self-efficacy, and that resilience is also part of i

tackling grit in my classroom and school.

Read Books About Grit

Talk About Grit

Share Examples

elp Students Develop a Growth Mindset

rol Dweck from Stanford University teaches us that students who have a growth mindset are more successful than those who think that intelligence is fixed. 5. Reframe Problems Using stories and examples from Malcom Gladwell's book David and Goliath, we talk about "desirable difficulties." Students need perspective about problems to prevent them from giving up, quitting or losing hope. 6. Find a Framework I use Angela Maiers' Classroom Habitudes as my framework. The KIPP framework specifically includes grit as one of its seven traits. Find one that works for your school and includes clear performance values. 7. Live Grittily You teach with your life. Perhaps that is why Randy Pausch's Last Lecture and David Menasche's Priority List resonate. These teachers used their own battle with death itself as a way to teach. But you don't have to die to be an effective teacher. Our own work ethic yells so loudly that kids know exactly what we think about grit. 8. Foster Safe Circumstances That Encourage Grit Never mistake engaging, fun or even interesting for easy. We don't jump up and down when we tear off a piece of tape because "I did it." No one celebrates easy, but everyone celebrates championships and winners because those take grit (and more). We need more circumstances to help kids to develop grit before they can "have it." Tough academic requirements, sports and outdoor opportunities are all ways to provide opportunities for developing grit. Verena Roberts, Chief Innovation Officer of CANeLearn says: One of the best ways to learn about grit is to focus on outdoor education and go out into the wild. Grit is about not freaking out, taking a deep breath, and moving on. 9. Help Students Develop Intentional Habits Read about best practices for creating habits, because habits and self-control require grit. 10. Acknowledge the Sacrifice Grit Requires Grit takes time, and many students aren't giving it. In their 2010 paper "The Falling Time Cost of College", Babcock and Marks demonstrate that, in 1961, U.S. undergraduates studied 24 hours a week outside of class. In 1981, that fell to 20 hours, and in 2003, it was 14 hours per week. This is not to create a blame or generation gap discussion, but rather to point out the cost of being well educated. We are what we do, and if we study less and work less, then we will learn less. Educators Need Grit Now we as teachers just need the grit to do whatever it takes to turn education around, and that starts with hard work and our own modern version of true grit. Teaching it and living it is now front and center in the education conversation. Vicki Davis @coolcatteacher's Profile Sign in or register to post Sign in to vote! (3) The Educational Benefits of GritThe character traits of determination, adaptability and reflection add up to a critical 21st century skill.<< Previous Next >> Learn More About Education Trends Latest Reconnecting Adults With Playful Learning A New Must-Read for All Educators Google for Educators: The Best Features for Busy Teachers What Is Personalization, Really? 20 Top Pinterest Tips Vicki Davis @coolcatteacher Computer Fundamentals, Computer Science and IT Integrator from Camilla, GA follow: http://www.facebook.com/coolcatteacherhttp://www.twitter.com/coolcatteacherhttps://plus.google.com/+VickiDavishttp://www.youtube.com/coolcatteacher/http://www.linkedin.com/in/coolcatteacher/http://www.pinterest.com/coolcatteacher Related Tags: Education TrendsCollege ReadinessResilience and GritCharacter EducationAll Grades In This Series T

Their new plan to impose spending caps on school budgets might help accomplish that goal

The cap means officials could not present to voters any budget plan that resulted in a more than 2 percent increase in per-pupil costs. And it’s this language that teachers object to the most. Allen says it’s a blunt policy instrument that will inflict serious harm on public schools.

If a vote for a community exceeds 2 percent per pupil in expenditures, it’s deemed to have failed,” Sharpe says

But the most contentious provision in the bill calls for a hard cap on per-pupil spending increases.

But even diehard proponents of education funding reform say the House Education Committee’s approach could do more harm than good.

“It’s unfortunate, taking away more authority from local school boards and local decision makers and local voters,” Scheuermann says.

The House Committee on Ways and Means will d

bate the proposed spending cap when lawmakers return to Montpelier next week. Sh

arpe says the version of the cap in the education committee’s bill is admittedly flawed, insofar as it fails to recognize various factors that might make a per-pupil spending increases of more than 2 percent necessary for some districts.

As a teacher, be curious about how money at your school is being allocated, why your school makes the purchases it makes, and how the purchasing process work.

planning events at your school, deliberately tweaking your classroom or school procedures to be more effective, and supporting other teachers in implementing education technology.

Make an effort to gain different perspectives by collaborating with teachers who teach in very different situations.

Identify a pain point in your classroom and try to solve it.

The more you try to solve problems using technology, the more comfortable you will get with technology and the more you're able to articulate what works and what doesn't.

Ultimately, working in the education technology space, whether as a leader in you school or as a member of a company, means contributing significantly to the practice of teaching and learning.

Working with mentor teachers, we found that they had an assumption that young student teachers would naturally know the latest and greatest. The truth is that some do but many don’t, so training is essential!

They became models for the classroom teachers

All classes in our research site were inclusive with a diverse community of learners at every grade level including students with IEPs, 504 plans, autism spectrum disorders, and English language learners.

made the mistake of assuming the kids would immediately know how to use the technology in an appropriate way.

Success was more attributable to the fact that teachers who integrated iPads into their lessons tended to do more Project Based Learning (PBL), which has been found to improve student learning across grade levels (Cheu-Jay, 2015)

the hard-to-reach, reluctant, oppositional Edwards all became engaged when introduced to opportunities that the iPad gave them.

students enjoy learning and stay more focused when using iPads

with a little hands-on support, created technology-rich lessons with a minimum of training or professional development. The bottom line was that when we mixed training with support we created a successful and innovative learning experience for teachers and their students.

That solution has two fundamental underpinnings: the first is that information literacy is an issue for every college and university; and the second is that librarians should occupy a position in attempts to define and achieve campus-wide information literacy.

While it is legitimate to use some of the information available on the web, students need to learn how to evaluate that information.

A study conducted by two researchers at the Manchester Metropolitan University in the United Kingdom found that 75% of the students surveyed used Google as their first port of call when locating information, with the university library catalogue used by only 10%.

In general, faculty members involved in the process were willing to collaborate with librarians who served as consultants, as instructors, and as team players in designing, teaching and implementing course assignmen

One particular model which has proven to be effective is course integrated instruction. With this model, librarians and teaching faculty co-design a course, and make sure that information literacy is incorporated in the course.

They not only sought to build short-term programmatic partnerships but more importantly, formal long-term working relationships with campus units, groups, departments and administrators.

“Integrating Literacy into the Liberal Arts College Curriculum.

launched a campaign to recruit faculty as partners in the process

took advantage of the liaison system already in place

Symposiums were organized for faculty and librarians to focus on assessment and science disciplines.

offered a workshop

More and more course-related or integrated instruction sessions have come to play a bigger role in making students more information literate.

Changing fee structures, student experience and access to digitized information on the internet, librarians have had to rethink their approach to teaching IL skills

McGuinness (2007) argues that librarians tend to act in a reactive manner to the needs of academics, rather than proactively to promote IL skills.

eads to ad hoc, short-term solutions designed only to address one or two issues.

dds that librarians should align their own goals of incorporating IL skills into the curriculum with the goals of academics and institutions to influence the power structures within institutions and help shape educational content.

highlights both the ambiguity around how IL should be taught, and the important role faculty awareness of IL and integration of library staff plays in integrating IL

unpack the “culture clash” between librarians and academics

cGuinness (2006) found that academics expected students to “learn by doing” through collaborative projects with peers and dissertation reports with occasional support from staff, without a clear sense of how students would develop critical and analytical IL skills

aculty also tended to believe that a student’s ability to gain IL skills were driven by the student’s own motivation, interests and innate abilities, rather than the quality and format of the available instructional opportunities

Multiple literacies, including digital, visual, textual, and technological, have now joined information literacy as crucial skills for this century”

These collaborative efforts have enabled librarians to encourage and support faculty in establishing learning priorities which will ensure that students be equipped with the competencies to become effective lifelong learners.

Only by establishing a successful partnership between librarians and faculty, can the goal of mastery of information literacy by students be accomplished.

The goal of librarian-faculty collaboration in integrating information literacy into the curriculum is to enable students to learn the skills and competencies needed for success during their life time

To make sure that everyone is able to become an educated, skilled, and information-literate person, librarians and faculty at institutions of higher education throughout the world will need to work together as partners to provide the education

Of course, some computer skills are valuable, like keyboarding, creating multimedia projects, manipulating programs they'd use in life and school,

"They can run an iPhone like a champ, or the iPads we have here at school. But they're not that exposed to keyboarding skills or using the mouse to move something up and down on a screen."

said her students have been honing their keyboarding skills while using an online curriculum for computer coding.

Using an online math program, they learn to move and click a mouse, and cut and paste text. As they move through the grades, they add more skills, integrated into their core-content study, Ms. Warr said.

"If we were trying to teach the tech skills in isolation, there would be a huge pushback [from teachers], but we integrate them into other subjects," Ms. Warr said.

But because the Smarter Balanced assessment expects more "writing in one shot" online, he's encouraging teachers to shift their "quick writes" to the computer, he said.

1st graders are starting with a free online game called Dance Mat, where they pick out letters one at a time, and work up to typing their names, Mr. Decker said. In 2nd grade, students begin using an online program called Type To Learn three times a week. Third and 4th graders continue it twice a week, and by 5th grade, it's down to weekly.

"the four:" sitting up; having feet in front, on the floor; looking up more than down; and using the home row keys.

Students should think about additional audiences for their work

Reflection is when they really start to take ownership,

Many colleges are now asking for more materials beyond the usual transcripts and written essays.

Educators can assess not just current student work, but also student development over time.

Schools that incorporate digital portfolios  often discover that it becomes less about technology and more about students talking about and sharing their goals