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How To Present a Course Project
As a means for advancing science, knowledge and understanding, a paper is better than a presentation. Arguments are formed more precisely and one can analyze the premises, assertions, data and logical thread for cogency, Penn Organizational Dynamics Guide to Crisis Preparation and Organizational Resilience
consistency and coherence.
Nevertheless, for projects that are more applied than scholastic or for interim work, presentations can be preferable to written work. Then, too, there are presentations of papers. For grading purposes, I've established this Presentation Evaluation Rubric[1], but I also want you to consider the big picture about presentations and your options in presenting.



Purpose. Although there are important differences between oral and written work, most of the imperatives about good paper writing[2] hold for presentations. First and foremost: Why are you giving a presentation? What do you hope to achieve? You may, for example, want to make a sale or persuade colleagues or to support an initiative or to comprehend the seriousness of a problem. A scholarly presentation might involve persuading your audience of the value of new research or new research findings. [cartoon note: [3]]
Layers of Purpose. Generally, a presentation should have a particular objective which is couched inside a larger goal. Rarely will a presentation make a sale; rather it is one step in a sales process, perhaps to sufficiently interest someone in a hands-on demo. In a presentation of academic work, the specific goal would likely not be to prove your thesis, but rather convince your audience to read the relevant work.
Leeway. You have more leeway in a presentation than a paper. Sometimes, you're still struggling to find a point or you may have interesting information and insights that you have not yet packaged into a precise proposal. But you should be moving towards a purpose, and your presentation could be the explicit search for how to parse and package your project findings and results.
Audience. Rarely are your professor or classmates actual the target audience; rather they are the stand-ins representing your true audience - those who you believe can benefit from what you have to say. That may be obvious if you're using the classroom to practice a sales pitch (which is a perfectly good use of course time), but it's equally true for more straightforward scholastic work. If you're presenting primary research, then the true audience is scholars in the domain of that research. If you're presenting secondary research, i.e., others' primary research, then the audience is other groups or individuals who will benefit from it. For example, the true audience for research on infant nutrition may be (other) young parents; the true audience for research on peak performance may be athletic teams or professional associations.












Making a Connection. Most presentations are a type of persuasive speech, and you should understand them that way. As such you can draw on the long history of insight, scholarship and pedagogy of rhetoric and persuasion going back to Aristotle, rather than (only) the more recent speculations as to good presentation practices.
Perhaps the single most essential element of persuasion is connection. And one area where presentations have a distinct advantage over papers is in making a connection. Writing offers far less opportunity for interaction than speech. An author must anticipate every question; a good presentation elicits a direct exchange of questions, concerns and ideas.
To do this, the presenter must be conversational. No bulky text, over-complicated graphics, or jargon. One essential component of a conversation is good eye contact. Overreliance on notes, slides or graphics interferes with eye contact. So best to keep notes and text to a minimum. Do not read, but rather speak to your audience, or better speak to the individual people in your audience as directly and as naturally as possible.
Engendering participation not only strengthens connection, but also generates valuable feedback in the form of questions and comments. Participation also warms up an audience and encourages them to pay attention. Audience attention and interaction result not only in a better experience for all involved, but gives you the feedback you need to make the performance better yet the next time you deliver it.
Slides. PowerPoint slides have become a presentation standard. Developing a PowerPoint presentation can be a useful way to order one's thoughts. Course projects, especially, require a mix of structured argument and data analysis that often lends itself to a slide-deck presentation, with a linear sequence of bullet points and supporting a variety of visual aids. PowerPoint also provides a visual input for those people who are visual learners so they don't have to rely on only auditory input. So, feel free to use PowerPoint; in all likelihood, it can help you organize what you have to say and help most listeners will understand most talks better
But in general, presenters commonly pay far too much attention to developing a slide deck, and correspondingly too little to the overall quality of the argument and connecting with their audience.
Rather than simply use PowerPoint unthinkingly, think through your purpose and audience, and consider your options.
Do you need slides at all? Whatever merit PowerPoint has a presentation tool, slide decks are a poor substitute for a reasoned argument.[4] [5]
Moreover, presenters often, if not usually, use slides as a crutch, and in doing so, forego the single great advantage of a presentation, which is the opportunity to connect with their audience. Virtually all of the greatest presentations of history have been slide-free. Most have been spoken only. Lincoln needed no slides or visual aids for his Gettysburg or 2nd Inaugural address. Neither did Winston Churchill nor Martin Luther King, Jr. Compare the power with "We Shall Fight on the Beaches" or "I Have a Dream" with virtually any electronic era presentation and think again about the value of slides.
Moreover, the fact that PowerPoints and other electronic tools are so standard gives an added potency to the AV-less presentation. In some ways, no-tech is the new hi-tech. any time some just speaks to you, nakedly without props, there's a wow factor. And it's not just that it's unusual; in some ways, the human voice really is the ultimate hi-tech, in that it is the ultimate tool for both nuanced expressiveness and making a connection. It's difficult to imagine a more moving and memorable presentation than Jimmie Dunne's reflection on his experiences and lessons in leading Sandler O'Neill in the aftermath of 9/11. All of us in attendance will, I'm sure, be forever grateful that that was a living conversation rather than a power point deck.
Few presentations and even fewer course projects aim for "I Have a Dream" or "We Shall Fight on the Beaches". More should. But we're not always swinging for the fences. A practical compromise is to focus your energies on your content rather than slides and use PowerPoint (or some alternative) to simply support your message, not to craft it. Here are some tips[6] and here is an example of a strong PowerPoint presentation[7]. (Other examples most welcome.)


An example of a strong PowerPoint presentation (þetta er linkur 7 hér að ofan)

PowerPoint Like a Pro
PRESENTATIONS By Carmine Gallo. BusinessWeek June 2, 2006. Original article
Prepare a simple story with a strong message -- then worry about the slides themselves
Microsoft's PowerPoint program is a blessing and a curse for business professionals. Most of us use it to convey information, but many of us are bored to tears when we watch the finished product. The problem is not in the software itself, which can be an incredibly valuable tool to enhance the transfer of knowledge. It's how we use it.
As a communications coach, I face mind-numbing presentations that I know can be made much more engaging, effective, persuasive, and exciting with some simple fixes. Let me give you an example. I was asked by Goldman Sachs investment bankers to prepare a CEO for his company's IPO road show.
POWERPOINT POISONING. When we began to work together I asked him to walk through the entire presentation. I wished I hadn't. More than one hour and 72 slides later, I thought I was physically going to pass out, gripping the conference room desk to keep from doing so. The problem had little to do with the content of the presentation but in the way the story was told.
What should have been a strong story had turned into a long, convoluted and dull series of slides. The CEO took his cue from the slides and in turn become an uninspiring spokesperson.
But after four hours together, we were able to create a dynamic presentation that lasted 20 minutes with a product demonstration thrown in for good measure. The CEO went on to wow investors and enjoy one of the few successful IPO's in that particular time period.
KEYS TO A CURE. I want to encourage you to think differently about yourself as a spokesperson and how you tell your story through slides. Try to keep the following seven keys in mind as you create, prepare and deliver your next PowerPoint presentation.
It's About You, Not the Slides
Write your presentation's story first and consider the slides complementary to your message. By building too many slides, adding too much information to the slides, and reading the text on the slides word for word, you force the audience to focus on the slides instead of you. Remember, you are the sole human experience your audience has to connect with your product, service, or company at the time of your presentation. Keep the attention focused on the most important brand of all -- you.
Keep Your Numbers Down
One way to keep the attention focused on you is by limiting the number of slides. I once heard a venture capitalist recommend no more than 10 slides for a twenty-minute presentation. That's good discipline. But it doesn't mean you should always cut your presentation time in half to determine the number of slides.
For example, even 30 slides in one hour are far too many for most presentations. In the case of any presentation, less really is more. Monster.com (MNST ) founder Jeff Taylor once told me that he can speak for 15 minutes with one slide in the background. He uses a total of 11 slides for a one hour presentation. Sybase (SY ) CEO John Chen uses 15 in an hour.
That gives you an idea of just how few slides are needed to make an impact. Motivational guru Tony Robbins will show a total of only five slides in two hours! Again, he wants the focus to be on him, not the slides. And so should you.
Avoid Deadly Bullets
Slides with bullet points are easy to create -- that's the problem. Anyone with the most basic knowledge of PowerPoint can create a new slide, title, and list of bullets. When this process is repeated and a series of bulleted slides are strung together, the result is dull, mind-numbing, and monotonous.
The most engaging presentations have very few, if any, slides that contain only titles and bullets. Look, I'm not suggesting you get away from bullets entirely. It's perfectly to fine to have bullets, perhaps alongside a graphic. But two slides of bullets back to back (let alone several) can be deadly. Watch the bullets.
Your Audience Can Read, So You Don't Have To
There's no reason to read the text on a slide word for word. Again, the slides should complement the focal point of the presentation -- the person giving the presentation.
Speakers often lose the all important quality of maintaining eye contact with the audience by turning to the slide and reading every word on it. Engaging presenters will glance at the slide and then make eye contact with listeners, paraphrasing or complementing the text on the slide. Speaking of text...
Think Visually
I recently helped prepare a sales leader for a major product announcement at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. He started with more than 80 slides for a 40 minute presentation. Do the math -- that's two slides per minute! Not only was the presentation far too long time-wise (20 minutes would have been tighter and more engaging), contain far too many slides (10 would have been more like it) but most of the slides contained bullets, data and large amounts of text.
Just about anything you say can be made more engaging through the use of visuals - photos and graphics paired with a small amounts of text. If you're confused about how to design such slides, one of my favorite books on the subject is "Beyond Bullet Points" by Cliff Atkinson.
Have a Beginning...and an End
Just as your entire presentation should have a strong opening and even stronger closing, each slide should have a clear introduction, middle and end. All too often, I see slides that run together, creating a confusing and convoluted presentation.
For example, if one slide is titled "Market Share," then verbally introduce the portion of your presentation by saying something along the lines of "We've made substantial gains in market share over the last year..."
You might end such a slide by saying, "And that's why we have enjoyed a substantial improvement in market share over the past twelve months." Have a clear headline, introductory sentence, and strong closing sentence. And commit those remarks to memory!
Practice Out Loud
How often do you actually run through a presentation out loud from beginning to end? If you're like most people, the answer is "not very much." Yet the best presenters rehearse -- what they're going to say, how they're going to transition, how they're going to say it -- nothing is taken for granted. You may even want to invest in a remote presentation pointer, so you can advance your slides while walking around the room.
PowerPoint is a powerful and vital tool to impart information to customers, employees and investors. Used poorly, it can hinder your success. Used wisely, it will help you wow your listeners (see BW Online, 04/6/2006, "How to Wow 'Em Like Steve Jobs").
Gallo is a Pleasanton (Calif.)-based corporate presentation coach and former Emmy-award winning TV journalist. He's the author of the new book, 10 Simple Secrets of the World's Greatest Business Communicators. Visit him online at www.carminegallo.com
________________________________________

Alternatives. Before PowerPoint, data and illustrations were presented on posters or transparencies. So one possibility is to drop the slides and simply present what data you need using visual aids (see section below)
There are also newer applications. Probably the most promising of these is Prezi (þetta er eitthvað forrit svipað powerpoint en bara meira sem grípur athyglina), an engaging "layered" presentation system that is less dependent on linear flow, basically a whiteboard, which ability for many magnitudes of zooming in and out. Here's a particularly engaging prezi on the surprising truth about what motivates us, done in a lively animated style,

Visual Aids decisions are independent of the decision of whether to use a slide deck.











Graphics used pointedly can convey a message far more powerfully than words or numbers. In my book on the 2004 election, for example, a basic statistical normal probability curve (above) demonstrates just how unlikely the Ohio election results were given the polling data.
A simple histogram (neðst á bls.á undan) compares disparities between polling results and purported voting results between precincts where votes were recorded and tabulated on machines versus those where votes were cast on paper and publicly counted. It's immediately apparent that large disparities consistently favored the incumbent in machine precincts but were negligible in hand-counted precincts.


Cartoons and comedy can go places where straight reason, simple prose or angry criticism cannot. For example, the cartoon at right illustrates the instability of a financial system built on subprime mortgages. Even better, the video (far right) exposes a crisis- in-the-making by hilariously boiling down systemic fraud bedeviled in mind-numbing details to its simple absurdity and underlying truth.






Pictures, as they say, are a worth a thousand words, as for example, this pic of drinking water from an area subjected to fracking.




Pictures can go above and beyond description; not only illustrating truth but eliciting powerful emotions. Consider the plight of the pelican caught in the BP oil spill. Or the polar bear suffering the final consequence of global warming and habitat loss.

The famous June 1972 photograph of a naked, severely burned child running on a road after a South Vietnamese napalm attack (bottom) is largely credited with turning public opinion against continued support for the war.
Note all these visual aids do, however, only what words cannot do well or do at all. They're not text or bullet points.





Time Most presentations are timed, often with a hard clock. It's usually less time than you want or feel you need. Even when you have as much time as you'd like, your audience is grading you on the clock. If you take more time, it had better be worth it. There are a few keys to staying within a given time allotment:
1. Limited objective. You're not going to prove your thesis, but a compelling five minute persuasive presentation should suffice to convince your audience to read the relevant work.
2. Fewer, simpler slides. What supports your argument? Eliminate all tangentials and distractions. Boil them down to the essentials.
3. Eliminate the extraneous. What do you need to make your point? Cut everything else.
4. Put all support material (and interesting tangential material) in support documents. Handouts you can give to your audience and/or on a website that they can view later.
Timing













Structure/Timing
No matter how much or little time you have, seek proportionality. The basic structure of a talk is
Introduction/hook
Subject Sentence -- Main Thesis
Main point 1
Subpoint 1.1
Subpoint 2
Subpoint 3 (optional)
Subpoint 4 (optional)
You need an introduction and a
Humor
Support Documents Put all support material and interesting tangential material in support documents. These can be handouts you give to your audience and/or material on a website that they can view later. You should reference them in your talk. And they should all be well labeled, well organized documents, not just dumps of raw material that didn't make their way into the presentation.
Other Considerations There are a whole range of mechanical things, including style and speech. I include all these on this Presentation Evaluation Rubric. I comment on them as well, but I don't grade them and do not recommend you worry about them for a class presentation. Speaking and mechanics get better with practice.
For your grade and class performance, as in a paper, one set of criteria trumps all. Unfortunately, it's usually the weakest: the relevance and rigor of your argument. Why is what you're doing important? What is the one main point you want to make, i.e., that you want us to understand? How well have you thought things through?

References Here are some suggestions for how to do a 15 minute research presentation

Notes:
1] Freeman, Steven F. (2011) Presentation Evaluation Rubric http://cpor.org/presentation_evaluation_rubric.cgi
2] Freeman, Steven F. (2009) Guide to Developing and Writing a Research Paper http://ciow.info/docs/ResearchPaperEvaluation.pdf
3] Over the years, Dilbert's characters have been dealing with lots of PowerPoint Presentation. Here's a collection.
4] Hammes, T.X. (2009) Dumb-dumb bullets: As a decision-making aid, PowerPoint is a poor tool. Armed Forces Journal
5] Bumiller, E. (April 26, 2010) We Have Met the Enemy and He Is PowerPoint. NY Times
6] Gallo, Carmine (June 2, 2006) PowerPoint Like a Pro. BusinessWeek
7] Kawasaki, Guy (June 2006) The Art of the Start.

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