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This paper surveys information architecture in the context of digital libraries. Key concepts are defined as well as common attributes of information architectures in general. Communications standards - including hybrid TCP/IP-OSI, CORBA, and Web services - are explored, as well as the history of information architecture and related models. A number of digital library projects are analyzed with a focus on their distinct architectures. The key role of information architecture in the design and development of the twenty-first century digital library is detailed throughout.

The contention made in this article is that ontologies are pivotal to several seemingly disparate technical endeavours that are currently emergent and have had more or less publicity. These include Event Driven Architecture (EDA), Complex Event Processing (CEP), Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), Master Data Management (MDM), which are supported by specific ontological initiatives most notably the Semantic Web, which is further leveraged by Model Driven Architecture (MDA). Furthermore how these efforts are all dependent on the adherence to common standards. These endeavours, and their complementary interrelationships, and specifically their relationship to ontology, are explored in more detail below.

The confluence of computers, communications, and databases is quickly creating a distributed database where many applications require real-time access to both temporally accurate and multimedia data. This is particularly true in military and intelligence applications, but these required features are needed in many commercial applications as well. We are developing a distributed database, called BeeHive, which could offer features along different types of requirements: real-time, fault-tolerance, security, and quality-of service for audio and video. Support of these features and potential trade-offs between them could provide a significant improvement in performance and functionality over current distributed database and object management systems. In this paper, we present a high level design for BeeHive architecture and sketch the design of the BeeHive Object Model (BOM) which extends object-oriented data models by incorporating time and other features into objects, resulting in a highly reflective architecture.

Social architecture is the conscious design of an environment that encourages certain social behavior leading towards some goal or set of goals

Insightful discussion around the coining of the term "Social Architecture"

The new Open Semantic Collaboration Architecture Foundation aims at common standards in collaborative software. The OSCA Foundation brings together organisations and individuals interested in ensuring interoperability between desktops and collaborative environments. It provides a discussion and exchange forum as well as a meeting place for different stakeholder to explore joint interests and define and execute appropriate actions, aiming to ensure the continued evolution and standardisation of an open vendor- and platform-neutral interoperable collaborative environment architecture.

MOAT (Meaning Of A Tag) provides a Semantic Web framework to publish semantically-annotated content from free-tagging. While tags are widely used in Web 2.0 services, their lack of machine-understandable meaning can be a problem for information retrieval, especially when people use tags that can have different meanings depending on the context. MOAT aims to solve this by providing a way for users to define meaning(s) of their tag(s) using URIs of Semantic Web resources (such as URIs from dbpedia, geonames … or any knowledge base), and then annotate content with those URIs rather than free-text tags, leveraging content into Semantic Web, by linking data together. Moreover, tag meanings can be shared between people, providing an architecture of participation to define and exchange potential meanings of tags within a community of users. To achieve this goal, MOAT relies on an architecture that can be deployed for any organisation or community and that involves a lightweight ontology, a MOAT server, and some third-party clients .

At Fluidinfo, we're aiming to bring about a fundamental change in how people work with information. We're designing and building a distributed storage architecture for a new representation of information, and creating a variety of applications that will use the underlying architecture.

"URIs, a universal identification scheme, are different from human names insofar as they can provide the ability to reliably access the thing identified. URIs also can function to reference a non-accessible thing in a similar manner to how names function in natural language. There are two distinctly different relationships between names and things: access and reference. To confuse the two relations leads to underlying problems with Web architecture. Reference is by nature ambiguous in any language. So any attempts by Web architecture to make reference completely unambiguous will fail on the Web. Despite popular belief otherwise, making further ontological distinctions often leads to more ambiguity, not less. Contrary to appeals to Kripke for some sort of eternal and unique identification, reference on the Web uses descriptions and therefore there is no unambiguous resolution of reference. On the Web, what is needed is not just a simple redirection, but a uniform and logically consistent manner of associating descriptions with URIs that can be done in a number of practical ways that should be made consistent. "

A great review of the challenges that follow from using URIs for both access and reference

Invisible Architecture The NanoWorld of Buckminster Fuller by Bonnie Goldstein DeVarco

GATE is... * the Eclipse of Natural Language Engineering, the Lucene of Information Extraction, a leading toolkit for Text Mining * used worldwide by thousands of scientists, companies, teachers and students * comprised of an architecture, a free open source framework (or SDK) and graphical development environment * used for all sorts of language processing tasks, including Information Extraction in many languages * funded by the EPSRC, BBSRC, AHRC, the EU and commercial users * 100% Java reference implementation of ISO TC37/SC4 and used with XCES in the ANC * 10 years old in 2005, used in many research projects and compatible with IBM's UIMA * based on MVC, mobile code, continuous integration, and test-driven development, with code hosted on SourceForge

'"A Science of Non-Classical Dynamics Based on the Progressive Evolution of the Larger Whole" In this paper, I am trying to lay out a new form of computation, which focuses on the harmony reached in a system. This type of computation in some way resembles certain recent results in chaos theory and complexity theory. However, the orientation of harmony-seeking computation is toward a kind of computation which finds harmonious configurations, and so helps to create things, above all, in real world situations: buildings, towns, agriculture, and ecology. I try to show that this way of thinking about computation is closer to intuition and personal feeling than the processes we typically describe as "computations." It is also more useful, potentially, in a great variety of tasks we face in building and taking care of the surface of the Earth, and quite different in character since it is value-oriented, not value-free. Examples are taken from art, architecture, biology, physics, astrophysics, drawing, crystallography, meteorology, dynamics of living systems, and ecology'

A sixty-six page think piece

We view Digital Ecosystems to be the digital counterparts of biological ecosystems, exploiting the self-organising properties of biological ecosystems, which are considered to be robust, self-organising and scalable architectures that can automatically solve complex, dynamic problems.

ECOSPACE pursues the vision that by 2012 every Professional in Europe is empowered for seamless, dynamic and creative collaboration across teams, organisations and communities through a personalised collaborative working environment. ECOSPACE contributes to this vision through 4 main objectives: * The definition of innovative work paradigms through the analysis of eProfessionals and their related organisation. * The design and development of an open standards, service-oriented architecture for complementary and alike systems. * A collaboration middleware and services to enable seamless and instant collaboration among knowledge workers in group forming networks, beyond organisational boundaries. * The creation of new tools that simplify the complexity of collaboration in dynamic work environments and which enable users for creative and knowledge intensive tasks.

The Future of the Internet - a federating theme for activities on future networks, software and service architectures, networked media systems and the Internet of Things. Over the last 20 years society, economy and technology evolved in many directions and into new areas. Many of these evolutions have created opportunities which must be taken into account when crafting future Networks.

"This paper proposes the creation of an Augmented Social Network (ASN) that would build identity and trust into the architecture of the Internet, in the public interest, in order to facilitate introductions between people who share affinities or complimentary capabilities across social networks. The ASN has three main objectives: 1) To create an Internet-wide system that enables more efficient and effective knowledge sharing between people across institutional, geographic, and social boundaries. 2) To establish a form of persistent online identity that supports the public commons and the values of civil society. 3) To enhance the ability of citizens to form relationships and self-organize around shared interests in communities of practice in order to better engage in the process of democratic governance. In effect, the ASN proposes a form of "online citizenship" for the Information Age."

Way ahead of its time, and I believe Facebook's (and LinkedIn's, and Plaxo's, and...) successes largely substantiate the emphasis the authors place on the significance of rich support for social trust and identity mechanisms.

E15 is an experimental architecture that places the power of presentation of web content into the hands of those that use it. Based on a dynamic, interactive OpenGL-based scripting engine, E15 exposes an entirely new face to web content, freely modifiable by each individual user.

ECOSPACE pursues the vision that by 2012 every Professional in Europe is empowered for seamless, dynamic and creative collaboration across teams, organisations and communities through a personalised collaborative working environment. ECOSPACE contributes to this vision through 4 main objectives: * The definition of innovative work paradigms through the analysis of eProfessionals and their related organisation. * The design and development of an open standards, service-oriented architecture for complementary and alike systems. * A collaboration middleware and services to enable seamless and instant collaboration among knowledge workers in group forming networks, beyond organisational boundaries. * The creation of new tools that simplify the complexity of collaboration in dynamic work environments and which enable users for creative and knowledge intensive tasks.

Apache Tuscany simplifies the task of developing SOA solutions by providing a comprehensive infrastructure for SOA development and management that is based on Service Component Architecture (SCA) standard.

Our goal in creating this site is to provide the basis for a thriving community of UIMA developers who can announce, discuss, design, share, and critique UIMA-compliant components, resources and solutions. The Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) is a software framework that supports rapid development and deployment of multimodal analytics - applications which provide value by processing human-readable text, audio and/or video in order to extract information, answer questions, summarize documents, etc.

In ECOSPACE, the Semantically Interlinked Online Community (SIOC) is used to facilitate CWE interoperability [1, 2]. SIOC provides an ontology for representing rich data from the Social Web in RDF. The SIOC ontology was recently published as a W3C Member Submission, which was submitted by 16 organisations [3]. The SIOC Core ontology defines the main concepts and properties required to describe information from online communities on the Semantic Web. The main terms in the SIOC Core ontology are shown in Figure 1. The basic concepts in SIOC have been chosen to be as generic as possible, thereby enabling many different kinds of user-generated content to be described. Once proprietary CWE data is annotated with the SIOC ontology, it becomes interpretable by other CWEs. Based on this, a CWE Interoperability Architecture has been designed.