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Ascorbic acid suppresses endotoxemia and NF-κB signaling cascade in alcoholic... - 0 views

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24239723 metabolic endotoxemia NF-kappaB vitamin C inflammation NFKB
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 09 Oct 21 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 09 Oct 21
     
    Vitamin C inhibits metabolic endotoxemia NFKB inflammatory signaling.
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Occupational Lead Poisoning - February 15, 1998 - American Family Physician - 0 views

www.aafp.org/...stauding.html occupational poisoning lead
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11 - No Cached
  • The freely diffusible plasma fraction is distributed extensively throughout tissues, reaching highest concentrations in bone, teeth, liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and spleen
  • Inorganic lead does not undergo any metabolic transformation or digestion in the intestines, or detoxification in the liver.5
  • With chronic exposure over a long period of time, most absorbed lead ends up in bone
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The total bodily content of lead is called the body burden; in a steady state, about 90 percent of the body burden is bound to bone.2
  • n general, lead is excreted quite slowly from the body (with the biologic half-life estimated at 10 years). Since excretion is slow, accumulation in the body occurs easily.2
  • hronic toxicity is an insidious illness with protean manifestations.3,6 Symptoms may include arthralgias, headache, weakness, depression, loss of libido, impotence and vague gastrointestinal difficulties.
  • Late effects may include chronic renal failure, hypertension, gout and chronic encephalopathy.6
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Jul 11
     
    occupational lead poisoning
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Body Fat Distribution and Cortisol Metabolism in Healthy Men: Enhanced 5β-Red... - 0 views

jcem.endojournals.org/...4924.long cortisone cortisol obesity overweight men 11-betaHSD type 1 5-alpha reductase metabolism
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 13 Mar 12
     
    increased 11-betaHSD type 1 and increased 5-alpha reductase activity found to be associated with generalized obesity in men.  Both indicate increased cortisone to cortisol production.  
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Activity and expression of progesterone metabolizing 5α-reductase, 20α-hydrox... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC154104 progesterone metabolites breast cancer 5alpha-reductase 5-alpha pregnene 5-alpha pregnenes 4-pregnene 4-pregnenes
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Exposure of human breast cell lines (MCF-7, MCF-10A, and ZR-75-1) to 5α-pregnanes results in changes associated with neoplasia, including increased proliferation and decreased attachment [1], depolymerization of F-actin [2] and decreases in adhesion plaque-associated vinculin
  • Exposure to 4-pregnenes results, in general, in opposite (anti-cancer-like) effects
  • 5αR1 has been detected in various androgen-independent organs, such as the liver and brain
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 5αR2 has been found predominantly in androgen-dependent organs, such as epididymis and prostate
  • The 5α-pregnanes:4-pregnenes ratio was about 8-fold higher in tumorous than in nontumorous breast tissue after an 8-hour incubation with [14C]progesterone
  • Studies with breast cell lines, showing that 5α-pregnanes stimulate proliferation and decrease attachment of cells
  • both tissue and breast cell line studies suggest that an elevated level of progesterone 5α-reductase activity may be an indicator of breast tumorigenesis, regardless of presence or absence of ER and/or PR
  • 5αR1 is the main isoform expressed in human breast carcinomas [29] and that 5αR2 may not be associated with risk of breast cancer
  • the differences in 5α-pregnane production between the cells is due primarily to a difference in 5αR1 expression
  • As in the case of 5α-reductase activity, the presence or absence of ER and PR do not appear to be related to 5α-reductase expression.
  • the conversion of progesterone to the cancer promoting 5α-pregnanes is significantly higher in the human tumorigenic breast cell lines
  • lthough both 5αR1 and 5αR2 are expressed by these cells, the elevated 5α-reductase activity appears to be the result of significantly greater expression of 5αR1
  • Changes in progesterone metabolizing enzyme expression (resulting in enzyme activity changes) may be responsible for promoting breast cancer progression due to increased production of tumor-promoting 5α-pregnanes and decreased production of anti-cancer 20α – and 3α-4-pregnenes
  • Nathan Goodyear on 30 Jan 14
     
    balance of enzyme production between 5alpha-reductase and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase and 3alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase play role in carcinogenesis and proliferation in the balance of production of progesterone metabolites. The 5alpha pregnenes are pro carcinogenic  and the 4-pregnenes are anti carcinogenic.
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Probiotics for patients with hepatic encephalopathy. - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...22071855 cochrane BCAA branched chain amino acids hepatic encephalopathy liver cirrhosis ammonia
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 Oct 15
     
    cochrane review finds equivical evidence for probiotics in hepatic encephalopathy despite improved ammonia metabolism.
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Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome - 0 views

www.ajcn.org/...911.abstract overweight weight gain insulin fructose leptin resistance
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 26 May 11 - No Cached
  • he combined effects of lowered circulating leptin and insulin in individuals who consume diets that are high in dietary fructose could therefore increase the likelihood of weight gain and its associated metabolic sequelae
  • fructose, compared with glucose, is preferentially metabolized to lipid in the liver
  • Fructose consumption induces insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, and hypertension in animal models
  • Nathan Goodyear on 26 May 11
     
    Fructose increase in American diets parallels obesity rise in Americans;  Physiologic mechanism of fructose contribution to obesity discussed
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The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatech... [J Nutr. 2008] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...18716169 green tea extract weight loss
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 05 May 11 - No Cached
  • Our results indicate that long-term EGCG treatment attenuated the development of obesity, symptoms associated with the metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver. Short-term EGCG treatment appeared to reverse preexisting high-fat-induced metabolic pathologies in obese mice. These effects may be mediated by decreased lipid absorption, decreased inflammation, and other mechanisms.
  • Nathan Goodyear on 05 May 11
     
    Green tea extract results in weight loss, both short-term and long-term
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Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity. [Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1984] - PubMed result - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...6385135 cadmium toxicity molecular basis
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Apr 11 - Cached
  • Cadmium inhibits protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and drug metabolizing enzymes in liver of animals.
  • Cadmium affects both humoral and cell mediated immune response in animals
  • cadmium nephropathy
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • produces hypertension
  • It causes an alterations of cellular functions in lungs
  • Cadmium is also toxic to central nervous system
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Apr 11
     
    for you biochemistry junkies, the molecular pathophysiology of cadmium oxicity
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The Pharmacokinetics and Interactions of Ivermectin in Humans-A Mini-review - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2751445 Ivermectin
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 18 - No Cached
  • This drug is extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes by cytochrome P450
  • cytochrome P-4503A4, converting the drug to at least 10 metabolites
  • its elimination half-life is around a day
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • second rise in plasma levels (mostly occurring between 6 and 12 h after the dose) suggesting an enterohepatic recycling of the drug
  • Ivermectin is exceptionally potent, with effective dosages levels that are unusually low.
  • the optimal dose of ivermectin is 150 μg/kg, but the frequency of administration is still controversial, ranging from 150 μg/kg once to three times yearly.
  • high lipid solubility of ivermectin, this compound is widely distributed within the body.
  • To interrupt the transmission of onchocerciasis in humans, the combination of ivermectin and doxycycline is highly effective as, in infested patients, the ingestion of the anthelmintic (200 μg/kg, single dose) and the antibacterial (100 mg/kg, daily for 6 weeks)
  • ivermectin interactions with another concurrently administered drugs can occur.
  • This issue becames important, as combination chemotherapy is being used with increasing frequency as resistance to antiparasitic agents is becoming more widespread.
  • haematomatous swellings
  • prothrombin times were significantly above baseline by one week to one month after drug ingestion, suggesting an antagonist effect against vitamin K
  • bleeding disorders were not found in 15,000 patients treated with ivermectin (150 μg/kg)
  • prolonged prothrombin ratios were observed in 148 subjects given ivermectin orally. Although no patients suffered bleeding complications, factor II and VII levels were reduced in most of them, suggesting interference with vitamin K metabolism
  • Ivermectin has a minimal effect on coagulation and concern about mass treatment for this reason appears to be unjustified
  • Nathan Goodyear on 19 Mar 18
     
    Review of Ivermectin as an anti-parasitic.
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Therapy in the Early Stage: Incretins - 0 views

care.diabetesjournals.org/...S264.full incretins glucose diabetes
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13 - No Cached
  • Increased resistance to insulin action in the skeletal muscle and liver associated with enhanced hepatic glucose output and impaired insulin secretion due to a progressive decline of β-cell function are long-recognized core defects
  • in addition, other mechanisms/organs are involved, augmenting the pathological pathways: adipocytes (altered fat metabolism due to insulin resistance), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency and/or resistance), pancreatic α-cells (hyperglucagonemia and increased hepatic sensitivity to glucagon), kidneys (enhanced glucose reabsorption), and central nervous system (insulin resistance)
  • β-cell failure
    • Nathan Goodyear
      Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
       
      and studies have shown that a reduction in insulin function will decrease LH production and thus lead to a decrease in Testosterone production in men.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Incretins are gut-derived hormones, members of the glucagon superfamily, released in response to nutrient ingestion (mainly glucose and fat)
  • They exert a wide range of effects, including stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and play an important role in the local gastrointestinal and whole-body physiology
  • Nathan Goodyear on 11 Dec 13
     
    good discussion on incretins and their role in glucose homeostasis. 
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PET/CT Standardized Uptake Values (SUVs) in Clinical Practice and Assessing Response to... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC3026294 cancer PET scan PET_CT CT PET_CT scan
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 18 - No Cached
  • use of PET in clinical research, clinical trials, and drug discovery
  • use of PET/CT in assessing response to therapy
  • In some cases, such as Hodgkins lymphoma, quantitative PET/CT imaging may not actually be needed, as success can be defined by the complete absence of tracer uptake in the PET image following a course of standardized therapy
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • The utilization of PET/CT to assess response to therapy is increasing in the US related, in part, to the creation and subsequent favorable results of the National Oncologic PET Registry (NOPR)
  • Changes in size as a result of therapy may take many months to develop and any opportunity to make early decisions about therapy success or failure is often unduly delayed or lost altogether
  • measures of changes in metabolic activity via FDG PET/CT can provide an alternate approach to assess response to therapy -- often very early in the course of treatment
  • Current recommendations are that tumor SUVs should be reported
  • The true tracer uptake in a patient is composed of two components: the first being the amount of tracer uptake (e.g. FDG) associated with the disease status (the signal of interest), which can be modified by the biophysiological status of the patient. One of the more important patient parameters is the blood glucose level, which has been shown to inversely-linearly affect SUVs
  • A prospective study by Crippa et al.30 in eight patients showed that as blood glucose levels were increased from 92.4 ±10.2 to 158 ± 13.8 mg/100 ml by glucose loading, the average SUV of 20 liver metastases decreased from 9.4 ± 5.7 to 4.3 ± 8.3
  • chemotherapy can result in impaired renal function, significantly reducing the clearance of plasma FDG through the kidney and thus increasing tumor SUV relative to an initial PET scan
  • The second component of the true tracer uptake is biological variability
  • The biological variability has been estimated in several test-retest studies7,32–35 at approximately 10% for scans repeated within a few days
  • Nathan Goodyear on 20 Feb 18
     
    Good review of the SUVs of a PET/CT scan.
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