The Role of Vitamin C in Human Immunity and Its Treatment Potential Against COVID-19: A Review Article - PMC - 0 views
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vitamins A, B, C, E, B6, B12, folate, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium
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White blood cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, accumulate concentrations of vitamin C up to 100 times greater than that of plasma
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Vitamin C is a crucial component of both the innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) portions of the immune system
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play a role during the initial chemotactic response of neutrophils shortly after infection
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following vitamin C supplementation, a 20% increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity was observed
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also contributes to the phagocytosis and killing of microbes by neutrophils
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low levels of vitamin C occurring in high-stress situations
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maturation, proliferation, and viability of T cells have all been shown to be upregulated by the presence of normal physiologic concentrations of vitamin C
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Vitamin C has been shown to directly affect the number of Igs released from B cells
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vitamin C among healthy young adult males showed a significant increase in serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM
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effects of high-dose vitamin C on cytokine levels in cancer patients, finding decreased amounts of the cytokines Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-2, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after high-dose vitamin C infusion
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when vitamin C was supplemented with vitamin E in healthy adults, it increased the production of cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha
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vitamin C acts to modulate the levels of cytokines to prevent them from fluctuating in either direction
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vitamin C also acts as an important antioxidant to the cells of the immune system.
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human leukocytes, neutrophils, in particular, possess the ability to transport the oxidized form of vitamin C across its membrane to use as a defense mechanism against ROS produced during an immune response
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Vitamin C also can recover other endogenous antioxidants in the body such as vitamin E and glutathione, returning them to their active state
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vitamin C can decrease the activation of NF-kB
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can reduce harmful nitrogen-based compounds such as N-nitrosamines and nitrosamides, both of which are carcinogenic
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subjects taking oral vitamin C supplementation saw a 60% to 90% reduction in oxidative stress compared to a placebo control
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subjects infused with vitamin C alone had a 516% increase in glutathione levels compared to subjects not provided the 500 mg daily supplementation
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hydroxylating proline and lysine
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mature and stabilize the tissue of a healing wound
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healing
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oral surgery
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improved soft tissue regeneration
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vitamin C increases the mRNA levels of type I and type III collagen in the human dermis
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Studies have demonstrated that those with low levels of vitamin C are at a significantly higher risk of respiratory infection compared to those with normal levels
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viral cold duration was reduced by about 8% in adults and 13.5% in children using prophylactic daily doses of 200 mg of oral vitamin C
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prophylactically supplementing vitamin C decreases the risk of infection with respiratory viruses such as the common cold
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combined with probiotics, oral vitamin C supplementation showed a 33% decrease in the incidence of respiratory tract infections in preschool-age children [
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high-dose oral supplementation of vitamin C managed to prevent or reduce symptoms if taken before or just after the onset of cold- or flu-like symptoms
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improvements in oxygen saturation and decreased IL-6 levels (a marker of inflammation) in the treatment group compared to the control group
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8 g doses of oral vitamin C
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there is a negative correlation between age and serum levels of vitamin C
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Patients with COVID-19 will likely also experience depletion in serum levels of vitamin C as a direct result of the upregulation of the immune system to combat the infection
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Colunga et al. suggested that oral vitamin C can be combined with oral Quercetin, an antiviral flavonoid, to improve Quercetin’s ability to block viral membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2
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high doses of 1-2 g/day of oral vitamin C could prevent other upper respiratory infections
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It appears vitamin C supplementation by itself does not provide a striking benefit in preventing COVID-19 infection for those without a deficiency
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Flawed statement. What is normal? Vitamin D. Many variables effect levels and dose, including the two compartment kinetics and absorption.
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Hiedra et al. were able to show decreases in inflammatory biomarkers, such as D-dimer and ferritin
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some evidence to support that prophylactic use of vitamin C helps reduce the severity of respiratory infection symptoms once a subject has already been infected
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oral vitamin C in combination with zinc provided the largest amount of antibody titers 42 days
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linear relationship between days of vitamin C therapy and survival duration
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other studies were unable to find any definitive improvement concerning therapy with vitamin C
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Either these studies are designed to fail or the authors are lacking some basic understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with vitamin C.
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Fowler et al. aimed to see if a high-dose vitamin C infusion would benefit patients affected by ARDS, but they were unable to conclude that vitamin C infusion, compared to a placebo, could decrease vascular inflammation and damage in ARDS
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in a sample of 67 COVID-19-positive ICU patients, 82% of them displayed plasma vitamin C levels below 0.4 mg/dL
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continuous vitamin C infusion at a rate of 60 mg/kg/day for four days decreased the need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressor use but had no significant effect on overall mortality
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Carr et al. suggested that high-dose IV vitamin C is most effective when treating sepsis as septic patients receiving the normal daily recommendations through diet still showed decreased vitamin C levels
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High-dose IV vitamin C treatment has also been shown by Kakodkar et al. to decrease syndecan-1, an endothelial glycocalyx that contributes to mortality in septic patients
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combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
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combined with hydrocortisone and thiamine, septic patients treated with 1.5 g of IV vitamin C every six hours showed a distinct decrease in their SOFA scores and none of the patients treated developed organ failure
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reduced overall mortality
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reduced overall mortality
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propose the use for high-dose vitamin C to aid in the treatment of septic shock-induced hypotension
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treatment of severe sepsis using a high dose (up to 200 mg/kg/day) of IV vitamin C was explored in phase I, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Fowler et al. [75]. Their findings included a reduction in SOFA scores and decreased vascular injury compared to a placebo control group, all while showing minimal adverse side effects
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Maintaining a daily intake of 75 and 100 mg for men and women, respectively, as recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine
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