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The groundwater is cold, deep and twice as salty as seawater, but the water streaming out of Blood Falls, which teems with microbes, tells us that it is unlikely to be lifeless. "The fact that the [water] contains metabolically active micro-organisms that appear to be suited to life in a dark, cold brine supports the idea that life should persist throughout the subsurface," says Mikucki. If so, those microbes could be fuelling life in the Southern Ocean. By breaking down iron-containing rocks they might be dumping as much as 170 million kilograms of iron into the ocean each year, according to the researchers' estimates, helping to explain why marine productivity is seasonally very high near to the coast.

Pharmacogenomics can play an important role in identifying responders and non-responders to medications, avoiding adverse events, and optimizing drug dose. Drug labeling may contain information on genomic biomarkers and can describe: Drug exposure and clinical response variability Risk for adverse events Genotype-specific dosing Mechanisms of drug action Polymorphic drug target and disposition genes The table below lists FDA-approved drugs with pharmacogenomic information in their labeling. The labeling for some, but not all, of the products includes specific actions to be taken based on the biomarker information. Pharmacogenomic information can appear in different sections of the labeling depending on the actions. For more information, please refer to the appropriate labeling guidance.

hose who would much rather prefer to burn the midnight oil than get up early in the morning can find solace in a new research that suggests they might be genetically predisposed to being nocturnal. It is your genes that allow you to be more productive at night-time instead of the day. Researchers from the University of Leicester in the UK have identified about 80 genes that are closely linked to a preference for either morningness or eveningness. Though these genes were identified in fruit flies and appear unrelated to your own body clock, most of these buggers are found in us mammals as well.

Rubrics for a wide array of work products, West Virginia Dept of Education

The most recent human retroviral infections leading to germ line integration took place with a subgroup of human endogenous retroviruses called HERVK(HML-2). The human genome contains ~90 copies of these viral genomes, which might have infected human ancestors as recently as 200,000 years ago. HERVs do not produce infectious virus: not only is the viral genome silenced - no mRNAs are produced - but they are littered with lethal mutations that have accumulated over time. A recent study revealed that HERVK mRNAs are produced during normal human embryogenesis. Viral RNAs were detected beginning at the 8-cell stage, through epiblast cells in preimplantation embryos, until formation of embryonic stem cells (illustrated). At this point the production of HERVK mRNA ceases. Viral capsid protein was detected in blastocysts, and electron microscopy revealed the presence of virus-like particles similar to those found in reconstructed HERVK particles. These results indicate that retroviral proteins and particles are present during human development, up until implantation.

Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, being diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes was a death sentence. Despite the successful management of diabetes with purified animal insulin, potentially severe side effects were abundant, and alternative ways to produce insulin were needed. This case study guides students through the history of using insulin to treat diabetes, focusing on the development of recombinant DNA technology and the world's first bioengineered drug, recombinant human insulin, which is now used worldwide to treat diabetes. Through the course of this case, students consider the central dogma of molecular biology, the development of recombinant DNA technology, drug design, the importance of recombinant proteins to our society, and the ethical analysis and debates that occur as a result of some scientific discoveries. This case was developed as an introduction to an upper-division biotechnology course focusing on recombinant protein design and production, but could also be used in molecular biology, biochemistry, or introductory biology courses to highlight recombinant DNA and biotechnology.

Information is easily accessible for teachers, administrators, parents and students. Standards-based units, lesson plans, instructional guides and project based learning designs model the integration of content, learning skills and technology standards, research-based instructional strategies, differentiated instruction and rich classroom assessments, including a culminating performance, product or project with an accompanying rubric.

de Villena and his colleagues counted the RNA molecules produced and found that genes from the father produced on average more RNA than genes from the mother. (And remember, RNA directs the production of proteins, which are the workhorses of the body's development and function.) The implication? "It's not only what you inherit, but from whom you inherit," he said.

Palm oil - which appears in a dizzying amount of food and cosmetic products, and is a feedstock for biofuel - poses many environmental problems. It's the largest driver of Indonesian deforestation, which destroys habitat and contributes to climate change. And ponds of wastewater at palm oil refineries release immense amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas 34 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

4 min animated video illustrating activation energy, substrate, catalyst, products, reaction rate

What if sideline rage could be nipped in the bud with a quick genetic test that told Mom and Dad what sports - if any - Junior could master? The Boulder, Colo., company Atlas Sports Genetics today began selling just that sort of product: for $149, it says it will screen for variants of the gene ACTN3

Watch the adventures of the inept "Staph Sargent" and his trusty sidekick as they try to infect the world with germs in this animated educational video. But as they plot their evil plan, they are thwarted at every turn by trained PDI Agents (Protect Don't Infect) who thwart their attempts by washing their hands, covering their cough and sneeze and staying home when sick. This wacky video is aimed at kids aged 6-11 but there's plenty of humor that goes right over their head and finds it's target with mom and dad! With worries about the spread of the H1N1 "Swine Flu," this program is perfectly timed for the beginning of school season. The video was produced by the creative team at Omni Productions in Orlando, FL and is part of a very successful campaign by the Orange County Department of Health.

While scientists study how nature works, engineers create new things, such as products, websites, environments, and experiences. Because engineers and scientists have different objectives, they follow different processes in their work. Scientists perform experiments using the scientific method; whereas, engineers follow the creativity-based engineering design process.

Made possible through Toyota USA Foundation funding, the REMS curriculum options include nine online lesson plans and interactive activities themed to examine three pressing challenges in the US: preserving sustainable, competitive manufacturing; distributing products and services across the world; and developing and delivering efficient health care services. Each of the lesson plans provides age-appropriate math and science curriculum that tie to the Common Core Learning Standards for elementary, middle and high school students.

That's why a paper published Thursday in the journal Genetics in Medicine is so remarkable. The paper identifies NGLY1 deficiency as an inherited genetic disorder, caused by mutations in the NGLY1 gene. The researchers have confirmed eight patients with these mutations who share several symptoms, including developmental delays, abnormal tear production and liver disease.

Computed tomography (CT) is an excellent noninvasive technique to investigate bones and soft tissue structures in a patient. Unfortunately, sometimes imaging can be difficult, as any movement from the patient can result in images that are unclear and need to be redone. This is especially difficult when dealing with patients who are young children, mentally impaired, suffering from motor disease, or are in pain. To ensure these images are clear, these challenging patients may require sedation, which is not desirable. General Electronics sought to facilitate treatment of these patients and improve the imaging process in general with the development of the Revolution CT.

2014 was a banner year for making automotive fuel from nonfood crops, with a series of major new production plants opening in the United States. However, producing this so-called cellulosic ethanol remains considerably more expensive than gasoline. So researchers are always on the lookout for new ways to trim costs. Now they have a new lead, a microbe that can use abundant nitrogen gas as the fertilizer it needs to produce ethanol from plants.

President Obama approved a bill on Monday banning soaps, toothpastes, and bodywashes that contain a harmful ingredient. That ingredient is microbeads - tiny, nearly impossible-to-dissolve plastic particles that enter water streams by the billions. The beads are typically found in cleansing products because they can be used as tiny scrubbers, helping to wipe away oil and dirt from the skin or teeth. A recent study found as many as 1.7 million of the tiny particles per square kilometer in the Great Lakes region's Lake Erie, where much of our trash ends up.

However, new research led by Michigan State University psychology professor David Z. Hambrick suggests that, unfortunately for many of us, success isn't exclusively a product of determination - that despite even the most hermitic practice routine, our genes might still leave greatness out of reach.

In The Boneyard Project students learn about anatomy and physiology of small mammals and humans while considering ethical questions about utilizing animal products.