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Market-based carbon cap-and-trade mechanisms play a pivotal role in reducing the carbon emissions of shipping logistics companies. Focusing on the issue of emission reduction investment in the competitive shipping logistics service supply chain (SLSSCs) under carbon cap-and-trade, this paper constructs a game theory model for emission reduction investment decision-making in the SLSSC, which comprises two participants-a shipping logistics service provider (SLSP) and a shipping logistics service integrator (SLSI)-discusses the equilibrium strategy of emission reduction investment based on optimization theory, and further explores the benefits of participating entities, consumer surplus, and social welfare under different emission reduction strategies. The findings indicate that: (1) a no-reduction investment strategy, a single-chain investment strategy, and a dual-chain investment strategy can each serve as equilibrium strategies, which are influenced by the interplay among the unit carbon emission trading price, the spillover effect of emission reduction investments, and the associated cost coefficient. (2) Both single-chain and dual-chain emission reduction strategies in the SLSSCs contribute to consumer surplus; however, their impact on social welfare is contingent on the SLSI's cost coefficient for emission reductionn investments. (3) Under the single-chain equilibrium strategy, the spillover effect from the SLSI's emission reduction investment has a favorable impact on returns for participants in the non-investing chain, consumer surplus, and social welfare, but adversely affectts returns for participants in the investing chain. Under the dual-chain equilibrium strategy, the spillover effect benefits both chains' participants' returns, consumer surplus, and social welfare. In addition, the SLSP's altruistic inclination enhances participants' returns, consumer surplus, and social welfare across all strategies.

The greener port has become an important goal for the maritime industry. This paper developed an economic model to discuss how the investment effectiveness and two commonly used governmental policies (regulation and subsidy policies) affect port's output, green investment, and governmental policy choices. Findings show that compared to no policy, both policies promote green investment, but their impacts on output are opposite: regulation restrains output, while subsidies boost it. Subsidies, as a proactive tool, reduce ports' green investment costs, driving both investment and output-especially in initial stages with high subsidy rates (0.3-0.5) covering over 50% of costs. Regulation, more passive, forces ports to increase investment but limit production, particularly when investment efficiency is low. Investment effectiveness shapes policy selection: subsidies work better at low or high efficiency, while regulation is preferable at medium efficiency. Both policies outperform no intervention in improving social welfare. These insights inform policy design for sustainable port development.

Emission trading is an efficient measure to combat climate change, which is one of the biggest threats to the international community and human health. The shipping industry has previously been considered an energy-saving industry but the growth rate of its emissions far exceeds that of other industries. On 10 May 2023, the EU enacted Regulation (EU) 2023/957, which officially included the shipping industry in the EU-ETS. Therefore, this may lead to investor-state disputes regarding emission trading in the marine industry due to the conflicts between the obligation to combat climate change and the obligation to protect investments of the host states. This has resulted in the breaching of International Investment Agreements. In this context, this study aimed to propose practical recommendations for global marine market practitioners to avoid the potential risks of disputes by reflecting on the existing practice regarding climate change-related investor-state dispute resolutions and identifying the trends and problems of the current dispute resolution mechanism. These included inconsistency in the review standard, inconsistency in the review scope, and broad interpretation by the tribunal. Finally, this study proposed that by setting public purpose and exception clauses in the preambles of the International Investment Agreements and incorporating the specific obligations of the foreign investors and the regulatory power of the hosting states in the drafting stage, the potential risks for disputes regarding the new EU directive in the global marine industry could be effectively reduced.

Sea piracy undermines investment in offshore oil sector - Lawyer.

Russia invests US$400 million on Novorossiysk to dock 10,000-TEU ships.

Italy Signs on for Chinese "Belt and Road" Port Investments.

Rotterdam Port Invests In Expansion.

Cosco Shipping Ports investing $225m in Peru's Chancay terminal.

Scandlines invests in wind propulsion technology.

Russia invests billions into Arctic dredging projects.

Saudis Invest in Carnival Corporation.

China eyes heavy investment in Egypt's Suez canal.

China To Invest Billions In Brazilian Port.

- New research from the Tyndall Centre at the University of Manchester highlights an urgent global need for investment in green fuels this decade to meet the Paris Climate goals. - Report says shipping will be crucial in transporting green fuels, and shipments of ammonia and bioenergy could grow to the same levels as shipping of gas and coal today. - 20 new large ammonia carriers must be built every year to meet potential demand, but investment in production and transport infrastructure is being held back by weak policy support with only 4% of current commitments actually being funded.

UNCTAD's Review of Maritime Transport 2022, an annual comprehensive review of global maritime transport, warns that the maritime sector will require greater investment in infrastructure and sustainability to weather future supply chain crises.

- Investments part of MAERSK's global integrator strategy to strengthen footprint across warehousing and distribution, air, inland logistics, ocean and terminal to support the region"s emergence as a global production and consumption powerhouse. - Approximately 480,000 sqm warehouse capacity to be added by 2026. - Plans to build green fuel infrastructure, pilot biodiesel fuel, and introduce EV trucks by mid-2024.

Russia to invest $4 billion to build Arctic port along Northern Sea Route.