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Joanne S

Mobile Strategy | National Library of Australia - 0 views

  • must move towards a model with comprehensive mobile access to online services
  • mobile’ has come to encompass an ever-expanding field of devices, platforms and content
  • Smart (internet enabled) or dumb/cellular
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  • Supplied (on-site device distribution) or privately owned
  • Native apps
  • Mobile websites
  • In terms of content this includes:
  • Applications (software designed for specific tasks
  • Podcasts (audio and video content
  • Other downloadable content (e.g. PDFs and ebook
  • the Library may look to harness the potential of these technologies to break away from the traditional broadcast-only website presence and move towards two-way conversations between the Library and its users, or conversations between the users themselves
  • the key objectives stated in the Information Technology Strategic Plan 2012-2015 include Online Presence and supporting “the needs of our users for easy discovery of, access to, and engagement with our services, collections and other information resources in the digital environment”
  • ensure equal access to our resources and services for all Australians.
  • facilitate equal access to Library resources for everyone.
  • Putting Library resources into the hands of users in their lounge rooms reflects a deeper understanding of the need to move beyond the desire to follow our users and instead reach out to them to “take them some place new
  • mobile will only continue to grow and overtake desktop internet usage within 2-3 years
  • building both infrastructure and a culture of engagement will pave the way to more efficiently and effectively meeting that need in the future
  • 4         Strategic goals
  • Improve access to our collection and services for audiences, wherever they are, whether on-site or anywhere else in the world.
  • Equip staff to champion and drive the development of mobile services to improve access and productivity.
  • Adopt an evidence-based approach to service development and delivery
  • Modernise the Library brand to reflect relevance, accessibility and innovation.
  • Create opportunities for learning
  • Facilitate connections, conversation and overall engagement with national collection material.
  • Establish and expand the infrastructure and back-end systems required to support mobile initiatives, products and services.
  • Build, consolidate and share expertise
  • Adopt standards and best practices for interoperable mobile content and cross-platform data management.
  • A focus on strategic, audience-driven activity with a utility function.
  • Seek out and engage new technologies to achieve marketing and communications goals.
  • 6         Recommended activities
  • activities provide a means to implement and ground the strategy with specific and measurable tasks
  • 6.1      Governance and infrastructure
  • The Library’s IT Strategy Group will determine priorities
  • formalising the Web Committee’s role as an advisory body
  • Include requisite support for mobile content collection, preservation and access in the Digital Library Infrastructure Replacement Project (DLIR
  • Information Technology Division to examine ongoing resourcing of development work, administrative models, and potential for partial cost-recovery
  • Adopt emerging Commonwealth requirements and advice pertaining to managing devices and content
  • Develop and review policy in support of the use of both enterprise devices and use of personal devices for work-related purposes. Identify
  • Investigate infrastructure and resourcing requirements for digital recording and distribution
  • Collections Management Division to keep a watching brief on any developments pertaining to the extension of Legal Deposit to include digital (and mobile) content
  • developing a statement of collecting intentions for the various categories of ebook titles within the context of revising the collecting policy for Australian electronic publications in general
  • Applications
  • Podcasts (audio and video content
  • Other downloadable content (e.g. PDFs and ebooks
  • 3         Our mobile vision
  • Improve access to our collection and services for audiences, wherever they are, whether on-site or anywhere else in the world.
  • 4         Strategic goals
  • 3         Our mobile vision
  • 4         Strategic goals
  • 3         Our mobile vision
  • Improve access to our collection and services for audiences, wherever they are, whether on-site or anywhere else in the world.
  • 4         Strategic goals
  • Adopt an evidence-based approach to service development and delivery
  • Equip staff to champion and drive the development of mobile services to improve access and productivity.
  • Modernise the Library brand to reflect relevance, accessibility and innovation.
  • Adopt an evidence-based approach to service development and delivery
  • Equip staff to champion and drive the development of mobile services to improve access and productivity.
  • Create opportunities for learning
  • Facilitate connections, conversation and overall engagement with national collection material.
  • Establish and expand the infrastructure and back-end systems required to support mobile initiatives, products and services.
  • Tactics
  • Equip staff to champion and drive the development of mobile services to improve access and productivity.
  • Adopt an evidence-based approach to service development and delivery
  • Modernise the Library brand to reflect relevance, accessibility and innovation.
  • Create opportunities for learning
  • Facilitate connections, conversation and overall engagement with national collection material.
  • Tactics
  • Tactics
  • Establish and expand the infrastructure and back-end systems required to support mobile initiatives, products and services.
  • Build, consolidate and share expertise
  • Tactics
  • Establish and expand the infrastructure and back-end systems required to support mobile initiatives, products and services.
  • Build, consolidate and share expertise
  • Adopt standards and best practices for interoperable mobile content and cross-platform data management.
  • Build, consolidate and share expertise
  • Adopt standards and best practices for interoperable mobile content and cross-platform data management.
  • A focus on strategic, audience-driven activity with a utility function.
  • Adopt standards and best practices for interoperable mobile content and cross-platform data management.
  • A focus on strategic, audience-driven activity with a utility function.
  • Seek out and engage new technologies to achieve marketing and communications goals.
  • Seek out and engage new technologies to achieve marketing and communications goals.
  • Recommended
  • 6.1      Governance and infrastructure
  • Library’s IT Strategy Group will determine priorities
  • formalising the Web Committee
  • Information Technology Division to examine ongoing resourcing
  • formalising the Web Committee
  • Include requisite support for mobile content collection, preservation and access in the Digital Library Infrastructure Replacement Project (DLIR
  • Include requisite support for mobile content collection, preservation and access in the Digital Library Infrastructure Replacement Project (DLIR
  • formalising the Web Committee
  • Develop and review policy in support of the use of both enterprise devices and use of personal devices for work-related purposes
  • Investigate infrastructure and resourcing requirements for digital recording and distribution to ensure the long-term sustainability of online broadcast activity
  • Adopt emerging Commonwealth requirements and advice pertaining to managing devices and content
  • formalising the Web Committee
  • Information Technology Division to examine ongoing resourcing
  • Include requisite support for mobile content collection, preservation and access in the Digital Library Infrastructure Replacement Project (DLIR
  • Adopt emerging Commonwealth requirements and advice pertaining to managing devices and content
  • Collections Management Division to keep a watching brief on any developments pertaining to the extension of Legal Deposit to include digital (and mobile) conten
  • developing a statement of collecting intentions for the various categories of ebook titles within the context of revising the collecting policy for Australian electronic publications
  • Adopt emerging Commonwealth requirements and advice pertaining to managing devices and content
  • Develop and review policy in support of the use of both enterprise devices and use of personal devices for work-related purposes
Joanne S

VALA2012 Session 12 Warren - VALA - 0 views

  •  
    NATIONAL AND STATE LIBRARIES OF AUSTRALASIA'S LIBRARY HACK PROJECT Warren, M., & Hayward, R. (2012). Hacking the nation: Libraryhack and community-created aps. VALA 2012: eM-powering eFutures. Presented at the VALA 2012: eM-powering eFutures, Melbourne Australia: VALA: Libraries, technology and the future. Retrieved from http://www.vala.org.au/vala2012-proceedings/vala2012-session-12-warren
Joanne S

Reprogramming The Museum | museumsandtheweb.com - 0 views

  • Powerhouse experie
  • her APIs
  • Flickr AP
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  • Thomson Reuters OpenCalais
  • OCLC's WorldCat
  • Before we began our work on the Commons on Flickr, some museum colleagues were concerned that engaging with the Flickr community would increase workloads greatly. While the monitoring of the site does take some work, the value gained via the users has far outweighed any extra effort. In some cases, users have dated images for us.
  • In subsequent use of the Flickr API, we appropriated tags users had added to our images, and now include them in our own collection database website (OPAC). We also retrieved geo-location data added to our images for use in third party apps like Sepiatown and Layar.
  • In our case the purpose of creating an API was to allow others to use our content.
  • So consider the questions above not in the context of should we or shouldn't we put our data online (via an API or otherwise) but rather in the context of managing expectations of the data's uptake.
  • Steps to an API
  • several important things which had to happen before we could provide a public web API. The first was the need to determine the licence status of our content.
  • The drive to open up the licensing of our content came when, on a tour we conducted of the Museum's collection storage facilities for some Wikipedian
  • This prompted Seb Chan to make the changes required to make our online collection documentation available under a mix of Creative Commons licences. (Chan, April 2009)
  • Opening up the licensing had another benefit: it meant that we had already cleared one hurdle in the path to creating an API.
  • The Government 2.0 Taskforce (http://gov2.net.au/about/) was the driver leading us to take the next step.
  • "increasing the openness of government through making public sector information more widely available to promote transparency, innovation and value adding to government information"
  • the first cultural institution in Australia to provided a bulk data dump of any sort.
  • The great thing about this use is that it exposes the Museum and its collection to the academic sector, enlightening them regarding potential career options in the cultural sector.
  • I will briefly mention some of the technical aspects of the API now for those interested. In line with industry best practice the Powerhouse Museum is moving more and more to open-source based hosting and so we chose a Linux platform for serving the API
  • Images are served from the cloud as we had already moved them there for our OPAC, to reduce outgoing bandwidth from the Museum's network.
  • Once we had the API up and running, we realised it would not be too much work to make a WordPress plug-in which allowed bloggers to add objects from our collection to their blogs or blog posts. Once built, this was tested internally on our own blogs. Then in early 2011 we added it to the WordPress plugin directory: http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/powerhouse-museum-collection-image-grid/
  • One of the main advantages the API has over the data dump is the ability to track use.
  • It is also worth noting that since the API requests usually do not generate pages that are rendered in a browser it is not possible to embed Google Analytics tracking scripts in the API's output.
  • y requiring people to sign up using a valid email address before requesting an API key we are able to track API use back to individuals or organisations.
  • Concerns that people would use the API inappropriately were dealt with by adding a limit to the number of requests per hour each key can generate
  • An Application Programming Interface (API) is a particular set of rules and specifications that a software program can follow to access and make use of the services and resources provided by another particular software program
  •  
    Dearnley, L. (2011). Repreogramming the museum. In Museums and the Web 2011 : Proceedings. Presented at the Museums and the Web 2011, Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics. Retrieved from http://conference.archimuse.com/mw2011/papers/reprogramming_the_museum
Joanne S

Library 2.0 : service for the next generation library. - 0 views

  • he heart of Library 2.0 is user-centered change
  • nviting user participatio
  • It also attempts to reach new users and better serve current ones through improved customer-driven offerin
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  • Technological advances in the past several years have enabled libraries to create new services that before were not possible, such as virtual reference, personalized OPAC interfaces, or downloadable media that library customers can use in the comfort of their own homes. This increase in available technologies gives libraries the ability to offer improved, customer-driven service opportunities.
  • Libraries are in the habit of providing the same services and the same programs to the same groups
  • , Stephens believes that “Library 2.0 will be a meeting place, online or in the physical world, where [library users'] needs will be fulfilled through entertainment, information, and the ability to create [their] own stuff to contribute to the ocean of content out there.”
  • . It's never been easy to reach this group with physical services, because libraries are constrained by space and money and cannot carry every item that every user desires
  • Chris Anderson, editor-in-chief of Wired, who coined the phrase in an article of the same name in 2004, argues that the demand for movies or books that are not hits far outnumbers the demand for those that are hit
  • Going after the diverse long tail requires a combination of physical and virtual services
  •  
    Casey, M. E., & Savastinuk, L. C. (2006). Library 2.0 : service for the next generation library. Library Journal, 131(4), 40-42. Retrieved from http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6365200.html
Gary Plumley

Limo hire reading | Berkshire - 0 views

  •  
    Cheapest limo Service can help in creating memories to last a lifetime. There are countless benefits to travel by limo service; a limousine is the vehicle of choice for the rich and famous.
Joanne S

A social media policy for a one branch public library » Librarians Matter - 1 views

  • “Social Media.” includes community created content sites like Blogs, Forums, Flickr, YouTube, Wikis, Social Networks, Twitter and other content sharing sites.
  • When you use social media your behaviour  and content is not only a reflection of you but also of (our) Library.
  • Social Media Do’s Be Professional – Talk the way you would talk to real people in professional situations. Be Courteous – Be sure to listen & ask questions. Be Accurate – Check your facts before you post and provide supporting sources if necessary. Be Useful – Add content because you have something interesting to say, not for the sake of regular posting. Be Intelligent – Provide some value. Don’t talk down. Offer insight. Be Conversational –  Avoid overly pedantic or “composed” language. Don’t be afraid to bring in your own personality. Be Non-confrontational – If you disagree, do so respectfully Be Prompt – If you need to moderate or respond to a comment do so as quickly as possible Be Identifiable – Use your real name and do not post anonymously. Be Transparent – Disclose that you work for the library if this is relevant and be honest & truthful. Social Media Don’ts Don’t Share Secrets –If you aren’t sure you can disclose something, just don’t do it. Think about privacy, confidentiality and permission to use other people’s content. Don’t Bad Mouth – Keep the language clean & avoid slamming people or companies. Don’t Complain – If you don’t have anything nice to say, don’t say anything at all. Don’t do Stupid Things – If it doesn’t help the Library or our community, don’t do it. Don’t Defame – Show everyone respect. Don’t Forget your day job –Social Media can consume you so don’t forget your other duties. Moderate, balanced use is essential.
  •  
    Greenhill, K., & Fay, J. (2010, September 10). A social media policy for a one branch public library. Librarians Matter. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http://librariansmatter.com/blog/2010/09/10/a-social-media-policy-for-a-one-branch-public-library/
Joanne S

Library 2.0 Theory: Web 2.0 and Its Implications for Libraries - 0 views

  • Already libraries are creating RSS feeds for users to subscribe to, including updates on new items in a collection, new services, and new content in subscription databases.
  • hybrid applications, where two or more technologies or services are conflated into a completely new, novel service.
  • personalized OPAC that includes access to IM, RSS feeds, blogs, wikis, tags, and public and private profiles within the library's network.
  •  
    Maness, J. (2006). Library 2.0 Theory: Web 2.0 and its Implications for Libraries. Webology, 3(2). Retrieved from http://webology.ir/2006/v3n2/a25.html
Joanne S

Archives & Museum Informatics: Museums and the Web 2009: Paper: Gow, V. et al., Making ... - 0 views

  • New Zealand content difficult to discover, share and use
  • DigitalNZ is testing ways to create digital content, collect and share existing digital content, and build smart, freely available search and discovery tools.
  • Memory Maker blurs the line between consuming and producing content. What’s sometimes called ‘remix culture’ […]. Digital technologies have opened up new possibilities for young people to access and represent the stories of their culture by taking sound and images and recombining them to say something new, something relevant to them. (Sarah Jones, Lunch Box: Software & digital media for learning, November 2008) http://lunchbox.org.nz/2008/11/get-coming-home-on-your-schools-website-wiki-or-blog/)
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  • The Memory Maker provides a taste of what is possible when collecting institutions modernise their practices for keeping and managing copyright information, using Creative Commons licenses or ‘no known copyright’ statements.
  • Learning about ‘hyperlinks’ today, these young New Zealanders will be the developers and creators of tomorrow.
  • The full set of contributions is accessible through a Coming Home search tool, occasionally on a google-like hosted search page (Figure 5), but more often through a search widget embedded on many New Zealand Web sites (Figure 6).
  • Digital New Zealand is developing and testing solutions that showcase what’s possible when we really focus on improving access to and discovery of New Zealand content.
  • Technically, the Digital New Zealand system is in three parts: a backend, a metadata store, and a front end.
  • The coolest thing to be done with your data will be thought of by someone else
  • “an API is basically a way to give developers permission to hack into your database”.
  •  
    Gow, V., Brown, L., Johnston, C., Neale, A., Paynter, G., & Rigby, F. (2009). Making New Zealand Content Easier to Find, Share and Use. In Museums and the Web 2009. Presented at the Museums and the Web 2009, Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics, Retrieved from http://www.archimuse.com/mw2009/papers/gow/gow.html
Joanne S

Recordkeeping In Brief 62 - FAQs about cloud computing - State Records NSW - 0 views

  • Cloud computing is internet-based computing whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand.
  • Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
  • There are a range of applications that can be delivered to users via cloud computing models, from email or content management to specialist applications for activities such as project management or human resources management to data storage.
    • Joanne S
       
      Models include: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
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  • A cloud can be private or public:
  • As with any business related activity there are both risks and opportunities associated with using cloud computing services.
  • potentially a number of business and information risks associated with using cloud computing services.
  • noted that even if the cloud computing environment is managed wholly within NSW an appropriate risk assessment of the service and the provider should occur.
  • level of risk that an organisation attributes to a proposed cloud computing arrangement will vary according to the content or subject matter of their records
  • The content of the contract in these types of service arrangements is very important.
  • What are others saying? Australia Australasian Digital Recordkeeping Initiative (ADRI), Advice on managing the recordkeeping risks associated with cloud computing, July 2010, available at http://www.adri.gov.au Defence Signals Directorate (Commonwealth), Cloud computing security considerations, April 2011, available at http://www.dsd.gov.au/infosec/cloudsecurity.htm Department of Finance and Deregulation (Commonwealth), Cloud computing strategic direction paper: opportunities and applicability for use by the Australian Government, April 2011, available at http://www.finance.gov.au/e-government/strategy-and-governance/docs/final_cloud_computing_strategy_version_1.pdf
  • International Archives and Records Association UK and Ireland, Cloud computing toolkit: guidance for outsourcing information storage to the cloud, August 2010, available at http://www.archives.org.uk/images/documents/Cloud_Computing_Toolkit-2.pdf – this guidance contains a comprehensive overview of the range of cloud computing services available and the recordkeeping considerations that apply to each CIO Council and Chief Acquisition Officers Council (USA), Creating effective cloud computing contracts for the Federal Government: best practices for acquiring IT as a service, February 2012, available at http://www.cio.gov/cloudbestpractices.pdf – this is a comprehensive and useful document for those seeking to procure cloud computing services
Joanne S

How the W3C Has Come To Love Library Linked Data - 0 views

  • The number of influential libraries publishing their metadata onto the web as linked open data, which is the heart of the Semantic Web, is growing
  • many librarians at major institutions have recognized that a key to the bibliographic future lies in migrating their data out of library silos and into an open, global pool of shared data.
  • the linked data cloud is seen as the most promising way to ensure that library data remains accessible and reusable
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  • "If libraries are to retain their role as curators of the intellectual products of society, their assets must be part of that search stream."
  • web entities such as DBpedia, which offers a Semantic Web mirror of Wikipedia
  • libraries have begun to reconceptualize metadata and publish it on the web using linked data technologies, such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) language and its extensions OWL, SKOS, and SPARQL.
  • library metadata is formatted and linked in RDF, then library content will surface more prominently in web search results
  • Recommendations from W3CThe report is still being finalized but the draft recommends that libraries:
  • — create web addresses using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) as globally unique, web-compatible identifiers for the resources (any kind of object or concept) they manage and the metadata elements they use
  • — develop library data standards that are compatible with linked data
  • — use their expertise in metadata management to become full partners
  • — foster a discussion about open data and rights.
  • — explore using libraries' ethos of quality control in the curation and long-term preservation of linked data datasets and vocabularies.
  • "As the shared understanding expands, the benefits of publishing linked data are becoming clearer,"
  •  
    Kelley, M. (2011). How the W3C Has Come To Love Library Linked Data. Library Journal. Retrieved from http://www.libraryjournal.com/lj/home/891826-264/how_the_w3c_has_come.html.csp#.TmSTdJXQprl.twitter
Joanne S

The Strongest Link: Libraries and Linked Data - 0 views

  • For many years now we have been hearing that the semantic web is just around the corner
  • most libraries, however, is that we are still grappling with 2.0 technologies.
  • By marking up information in standardized, highly structured formats like Resource Description Framework (RDF), we can allow computers to better "understand" the meaning of content
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  • For most librarians this concept is fairly easy to understand. We have been creating highly structured machine-readable metadata for many years
  • By linking our data to shared ontologies that describe the properties and relationships of objects, we begin to allow computers not just to "understand" content, but also to derive new knowledge by "reasoning" about that content.
  • the term "Semantic Web" to refer to a full suite of W3C standards including RDF, SPARQL query language, and OWL web ontology language.
  • This article will outline some of the benefits that linked data could have for libraries, will discuss some of the non-technical obstacles that we face in moving forward, and will finally offer suggestions for practical ways in which libraries can participate in the development of the semantic web.
  • What benefits will libraries derive from linked data?
  • Having a common format for all data would be a huge boon for interoperability and the integration of all kinds of systems.
  • The linking hub would expose a network of tightly linked information from publishers, aggregators, book and journal vendors, subject authorities, name authorities, and other libraries.
  • semantic search could take us far beyond the current string-matching capabilities of search engines like Google.
  • What are the major obstacles for libraries?
  • A fundamental challenge for the development of linked data in libraries is lack of awareness.
  • Linked Data becomes more powerful the more of it there is.
  • Until there is enough linking between collections and imaginative uses of data collections there is a danger librarians will see linked data as simply another metadata standard, rather than the powerful discovery tool it will underpin.
  • a more practical concern is that changing the foundation of library metadata is no trivial task.
  • Privacy is a huge concern for many interested in linked data.
  • Related to privacy is trust.
  • Rights management poses potential problems for linked data in libraries. Libraries no longer own much of the content they provide to users; rather it is subscribed to from a variety of vendors.
  • What needs to happen to move libraries to the next level?
  •  
    Byrne, G., & Goddard, L. (2010). The Strongest Link: Libraries and Linked Data. D-Lib Magazine, 16(11/12). doi:10.1045/november2010-byrne Retrieved from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november10/byrne/11byrne.html
Joanne S

Companies and information: The leaky corporation | The Economist - 0 views

  • the WikiLeaks threat and the persistent leaking of other supposedly confidential corporate information have brought an important issue to the fore.
  • Companies are creating an ever-growing pile of digital information, from product designs to employees' e-mails.
  • Much of this information would do little damage if it seeped into the outside world; some of it, indeed, might well do some good. But some could also be valuable to competitors—or simply embarrassing—and needs to be protected. Companies therefore have to decide what they should try to keep to themselves and how best to secure it.
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  • more and more data are seeping out of companies, even of the sort that should be well protected.
  • To be able to work better with data, employees often transfer them into spreadsheets and other types of files that are easier to manipulate—but also easier to lose control of.
  • Although most leaks are not deliberate, many are.
  • “data loss prevention” (DLP).
  • software that sits at the edge of a firm's network and inspects the outgoing data traffic.
  • “bells in the dark”. False records—made-up pieces of e-mail, say—are spread around the network. Because they are false, no one should gain access to them. If somebody does, an alarm is triggered
  • In the corporate world, to limit the channels through which data can escape, some companies do not allow employees to bring their own gear to work or to use memory sticks or certain online services.
  • How then to strike the right balance between secrecy and transparency?
  • Intel, the world's largest chipmaker, issues “speeding tickets” to employees who break its rules.
  • Transparency is not just a natural inclination but a necessity, says Mitchell Baker, who chairs the foundation. If Mozilla kept its cards close to the chest, its global community of developers would not and could not help write the program. So it keeps secrets to a minimum: employees' personal information, data that business partners do not want made public and security issues in its software.
Joanne S

Page 6. Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality: Scientif... - 0 views

  • Linking to the Future As long as the web’s basic principles are upheld, its ongoing evolution is not in the hands of any one person or organization—neither mine nor anyone else’s. If we can preserve the principles, the Web promises some fantastic future capabilities.
  • Locked within all these data is knowledge about how to cure diseases, foster business value and govern our world more effectively.
  • We should examine legal, cultural and technical options that will preserve privacy without stifling beneficial data-sharing capabilities.
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  • The goal of the Web is to serve humanity. We build it now so that those who come to it later will be able to create things that we cannot ourselves imagine.
Joanne S

What is a Database, really? Data Storage for Librarians « The Other Librarian - 0 views

  • A Text File Good old text is still not a bad way to store data. 
  • If you want to retrieve that information, you can use a script to tell the computer to organize the information in a particular way.   This is called parsing
  • Structured Text As you climb the data food chain, complex systems get developed to organize information. 
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  • Mark-up:   Marked information is data that has marks or signals to let a computer distinguish one type of data from the other.  
  • A variable:   A variable happens when you give some data a name. 
  • A string:   A string is a kind of variable that has text.
  • An array:   An array is a type of variable that includes a list used by computer programs for later manipulation.    
  • An object:   Explaining objects in full requires that someone read up on object-oriented programming.  
  • Tree-based  Structures Tree-based structures, or cluster models are a subset of “structured text” data storage models.  
  • XML is probably the best example.
  • data is organized in “parents”, “siblings” and “children”.
  • The Relational Model The relational model is better than a tree-model when your dataset is large and complicated.    The way it works is, instead of thinking in terms of “parents, siblings and children,” you think in term of relationships.
  • the “Primary Key.”   This means that every data object (such as a library) has a way of identifying itself in a unique way
  • a “Foreign Key.”    The Foreign key is a way to associate one dataset (eg. libraries) with another dataset (eg. library branches, hospitals or businesses).
  • This association is called a relationship.
  • In more complicated relationships (called the Many-to-Many relationship), you might have to create a third table to associate two entities.      
  • TEXT/XML Based Text files can be organized in such a way as to accommodate some of the benefits of the relational model.
  • Two examples of XML-based databases include Xindice and Sedna.
  • SQL/Binary-based Databases The more common relational database type is a piece of software running on a server, rather than a set of text files.   They are generally accessed using a standard language called SQL (Structure Query Language), or more specifically SQL as supported by a popular scripting language like PHP, Python or Java.
  • Almost any major web application will have a combination of all these types of data storage methods!  
  •  
    How databases are used in libraries
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