Group items tagged

*(substitute every reference of teacher with Library) *some disclosure online translates into more involved participants *when students engaged with teacher online and teacher had some level of self-disclosure on the profile, the students were more motivated and happy *libraries need to have a level of self-disclosure with the posters, without crossing the line into TMI *there needs to be an adjustment for multiple users of a network, so its not confusing or the voices become muddled (our solution, we post and add short signature at end when personal remarks are made)

-"Student perceptions of a teacher's credibility and their reports of motivation and affective learning may also be affected by what the teacher discloses on Facebook. The number of photographs and the amount of information provided on the virtual social network may positively or negatively alter student perceptions" -"The decision whether and when to disclose private information is rule-based and determined by a variety of criteria including culture, motivation, individual differences, situations, and gender. Teachers may intentionally or unintentionally utilize these criteria to decide whether or not to disclose in the classroom. Guided by new technology in this student-dominated virtual social network, teachers can purposefully limit the amount of personal information they disclose on their Facebook website (much like face-to-face interaction in the classroom) to be seen in a positive light among their students" *manage the social networks properly in order to gain social capital, and strengthen latent ties into weak ones

-"Certain forms of face-to-face self-disclosure can have disastrous effects on teacher credibility; however, the nature of computer-mediated communication allows teachers to determine how they appear on Facebook. In other words, teachers can strategically reveal pictures, quotes, and personal information that present them as competent and trustworthy instructors who have the students' best interests in mind. Scholars should explore how certain forms of mediated self-disclosure, such as photographs, personal beliefs, and relationship status, affects student perceptions of teacher credibility. Future research must also explore if a curvilinear relationship exists in terms of teacher self-disclosure on Facebook. In other words, can teacher self-disclosure reach an exceedingly high level and result in negative student perceptions?" -" In addition, scholars should examine how students' perceptions differ if teachers self-disclose on their university-housed personal websites or Facebook websites." *the area of sharing and the how of sharing is related. But will personal and professional social media accounts, and the level of sharing on each, also be affected?

-"information technology may enhance place-based community and facilitate the generation of social capital" (Facebook a place to enhance relationships, not connect with total strangers) *libraries need to take this into account when setting up pages and connecting with people/places -"We use Facebook as a research context in order to determine whether offline social capital can be generated by online tools. The results of our study show that Facebook use among college-age respondents was significantly associated with measures of social capital." *libraries want to accumulate social capital, but have to be aware that it does not always translate in a linear fashion (i.e. I like you online, I will visit in person offline.) -" Bourdieu and Wacquant (1992) define social capital as "the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition" (p. 14). The resources from these relationships can differ in form and function based on the relationships themselves." *social capital= social presence = libraries maintain a sense of space online and offline -"Greater social capital increases commitment to a community and the ability to mobilize collective actions, among other benefits. " *libraries can advocate for the common good, and can be a bridge over the increasing digital divide

libraries need to aim for low/weak ties, not strong or close ties, with the community. Weak ties are still acceptable in social media, and are more powerful than latent ties, which in turn are better than none at all.

-"The strong linkage between Facebook use and high school connections suggests how SNSs help maintain relations as people move from one offline community to another. It may facilitate the same when students graduate from college, with alumni keeping their school email address and using Facebook to stay in touch with the college community. Such connections could have strong payoffs in terms of jobs, internships, and other opportunities. Colleges may want to explore ways to encourage this sort of usage." *also, libraries!!

Phone interviews in May 2011 with 2,277 adult internet users ages 18 and older p.2 65% of online adults use social networking sites; p3 Of young adult women ages 18-29 who are online, 89% use social networking sites, 69% on an average day. Highest usage skews toward female and younger, but no significant differences in usage by race, household income, geography and education level.

-in 2005, 8% of adults used SNSs, now the figure is at 65% -most users rate their SNS experiences as positive *great from a social capital standpoint, as they are more likely to keep accounts active, and pursue weak links in newsfeed -"Young adult women ages 18-29 are the power users of social networking", 89% have accts and 69% access them daily *target young adult women with ads on FB, maybe? use GIS data to appeal to interests of that group, and explain what the library can do for them -more adults are using social networks (driving the avg age of the user up considerably from the imagined age) -"As of May 2011, over eight in ten internet users ages 18-29 use social networking sites (83%), compared with seven in ten 30-49 year-olds (70%), half of 50-64 year-olds (51%), and a third of those age 65 and older (33%)." Positive Negative Neutral Notable (top ten) (top ten) (top ten) (mentioned only once) Good Boring Okay Nosey Fun Confusing Fine Omnipresent Great Frustrating Adequate Hog Wash Interesting Time-consuming Family Glitches Convenient Overwhelming Rarely Vulnerable Excellent Addictive All Right Crowded Easy Annoying Communication Stalking Awesome Addicting Seldom Influence Informative Mediocre Facebook Conformity Useful Overrated Infrequent Befuddled *how to work on changing those negative and neutral to positive associations... how to work the library in as a positive association? Infrequent users can be prompted via opt-in participation to log on and complete activities, post. Process needs to be secure, and easy to use for those who are frustrated with the SNS, etc. Address these concerns and you can generate stron

Lee Rainie of Pew Internet & American Life Project Oct 20 2011

-mobile connectivity changes the way people interact with media, and how they learn -Internet adoption at home is at 78%, broadband at 62% -65% of Internet users utilize social media -as the speed of learning changes, social networks become more relevant in people's everyday lives -35% of adults own smartphones, which means they take the web/social networks with them (51% of Millenials own smartphones) *social networks are accessible anywhere, anytime -40% of adults use the smartphone as a primary internet connector

-texting is popular among younger users *how to sent/relate to users who text primarily? Tweets to phone? -the rise of smartphones means more access points for info *people can look for whatever they want, whenever they want... more real-time info access -"augmented reality" "a merger of real world and data" *layers of information arranged per need *networked connections are more established because of constant availability of network (via smartphone) *libraries can be a weak connection, there for information purposes? *an app/a networked friend/a connection! -small screen leads to "info-snacking" -mobile screens leads to more alone time together, a blurring of private and public spaces -people are more confident in searching (even to their detriment) -Old: knowledge is objective and certain (organized categorically) new: knowledge is subjective and provisional (organized organically) (learning as transaction versus learning as process)

-"An interdisciplinary approach that brings together views and expertise from sociology, urban studies, interaction design, and related disciplines will assist with efforts to facilitate urban neighborhood community building, social inclusion, public consultation and debate, fair access to local information and services, urban sustainability, and healthier local economies." (66) *this interdisciplinary approach can work for libraries too! -""portfolio of sociability"" (67) *collection of virtual tools that help to establish and maintain connections (both close, weak and latent) -"The Internet has not substituted but supplemented off-line interaction with online interaction...the Internet as well as mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and personal digital assistants (PDA) allow people to maintain social ties in different ways by taking advantage of new features." (67) *people use these devices to strengthen already existing ties, not create new ones, mostly -"Wellman argues that, while people become more accustomed with the features these tools offer, the nature of the social ties that people establish and maintain changes from "door-to-door" and "place-to-place" relationships to "person-to-person" and "role-to-role" relationships. He creates a holistic theoretical framework that builds on the dual nature in the interplay between community and the individual. He describes the emerging qualities of this behavior as networked individualism." (67) *as location becomes less important, networks become more important. People are less attracted to that which is in their geographical area, and more inclined to seek out like-minded people in similar areas of interest

-"The act of reappropriation (e.g., from the professional use of a pager to the social use of SMS) implies that there are opportunities to design and develop purpose-built systems from the ground up, which, instead of merely trying to make ends meet, take the unique requirements into account of the social- and place-based context in which they are used. (67) *tech can be re-purposed to market and develop community ties *people used to have to deal with geographical restrictions, and created social networks from geography, not interest or desire. This led, for some people, to an atrophying of interests, due to lack of community. SNSs allow people to find other people with shared interests, and develop them. Libraries can assist in shared communities over SNSs by providing links and resources to a variety of information. -"Place and proximity continue to matter in every socioeconomic context, because there are no Internet applications that can completely substitute real-time, co-located, face-to-face interaction" (68) *engage them online, bring them into the library proper *neighborhood ties still matter, but now they are place-independent. While proximity matters for some interactions, the majority of social ties can be maintained independently of physical location

-In the absence of a common enemy, a shared purpose or a pre-existing village-like atmosphere, are there other reasons and motivations for social encounters to occur and for the formation of residential networks in urban neighborhoods? (72) *the idea of urban tribes, still loosely held together by geography but now also united by common interest (people can find each other in large cities) -"The findings of these sociological studies provide essential insights for a new design methodology that can guide the successful development of interactive systems and devices that can stimulate local interaction and animate urban neighborhoods." (73) *bring people to libraries! (even if they just visit online at an eBranch) *in order to be effective, people must participate in the design and implementation of the project. They have to have a voice. *no more one-way channels of broadcasting, there has to be communication and an exchange of ideas between institution and people in order to foster that sense of community *where the author talks about the size, growth and critical mass of the perceived system, he is talking about FB (refers to it as an "urban tribe incubator")

May 2011: From slides: among those living below the poverty line who use library Internet connections: 61% of 14-24 year olds used it for school; 54% of poor seniors used it for health/wellness. 85% of adults are cell phone owners; in May 2010 76% used cell phones to take a picture, 72% to send or receive text messages; 54% send photo or video via cell phone; in 2010, 24% of cell phone users use apps. 69% of Internet users watch videos online

-rise of 'networked individualism' where groups decline as social media rises *SNS allow like-minded individuals to find each other and form support groups, even over long distances -"5th Estate of content contributors" -broadband access allows more people to create and remix content, and share it too -consequences for info ecosystem: volume, vibrance, velocity, (rele)valance *more content can be created, consumed and shared faster... SNSs just heighten that effect -know what users need from the library, and offer it via multiple access points online -cell phones are smartphones are social tools *your network in your pocket

-libraries now need to seek out people, rather than being the place where people came for information *librarians can still guide patrons to good info, and help imprint good online practices -libraries can be "nodes" or weak links in social networks *the network in the pocket, and the resource a patron uses when info is needed... weak links accessed only for info purposes are fine -patrons are not literate in the online world, despite what they think! *there's where librarians can take charge

Sept 2011: 78% have Internet at home, 61% have broadband at home; 83% of all adults have mobile devices and 73% of adult cell owners use text messaging at least occasionally; 35% own smartphones; 64% of cell phone users send photos or videos and 55% access social networking sites; 60% of cell phone users who are on Twitter use the cell phone to access Twitter. "New media are the new neighborhood." 48% of those active in groups say group has a social networking page on site such as Facebook; 42% say group uses text messaging; 30% say group has own blog; 16% say group uses Twitter.

*the new neighborhood is online. How to maintain relationships there? What is the library's role? "Sentry? Evaluator?" *each social network has its own etiquette, thus its own way of bridging and maintaining "social capital" *with the explosion of "creators and niches", how to remain relevant and visible? *if in the "information ecosystem" we are all alone together, then how do libraries fit? Lurking in the background, or always a friendly presence just around the corner? *technology allows the time to better-connected with groups... less effort to maintain social capital

as advances in technology increase, so does the importance of social networks in everyday lives. "Together we are more alone than ever" means that as we can carry our networks with us, and latent or weak connections become more important.

Social media statistics in infographic format

-FB is top social networking site in 119 out of 134 countries *ubiquity of FB cannot be denied -FB, Youtube and Wikipedia are the 3 top online brands online *all three are user-generated content driven! -Over half of all Twitter users post each day -How people utilize social networks: FB users want community and news; Twitter users want news; Myspace users want games and entertainment; Digg users have mixed interests -The most dominant age group using social media is 35-44 years old (avg age of FB user is 38, Twitter: 39, Myspace: 31, Youtube: 20-35) -daily use of social media networks vary according to networks and needs

-"in local contexts, the internet holds the potential to grow strong communities of place which are rich in social capital." *social networks mimic neighborhoods in real life. A sense of community can be fostered online, by strengthening latent ties in the community. These latent ties, elevated into weak ties, can be sustained over distances, whereas a physical location relies mostly on geography -"Community could be defined as a collective problem-solving, resource-sharing, interactive and distinct segment of a communicative ecology or society." (31) *does the online environment contribute to the depersonalization of society? Or does it create new, closer connected communities of people with similar interests and goals? (People in neighborhoods may be united by geography, but that's all.) -"The ability to combine face-to-face interaction and local activism with the individuality and flexibility of the online environment is a key advantage of community networks" (34) *proximity is helpful,but so are shared interests. Combine both and the potential is unlimited -"The developer's attention has to shift from mere access to information to use of information. Otherwise these projects regularly result in sophisticated technical products, yet without a social concept it is unlikely that the community will accept them: 'If you build it, they will not necessarily come' (35) *especially key in areas of social media, where navigation of media is as important as a viable site

- table on p 36: System vs Community designs. -goal is ultimately to increase social capital both online and offline, and take ties in the online community to better growth in offline community -digital divide serves to reinforce already existing gaps, and further weakens the community

-profile elements vs social influence: what types of info matter? -verifiable info vs facetious profile information -"Walther's Social Information Processing theory posits that online users compensate for the lack of traditional cues in online environments by looking towards other kinds of cues, such as spelling ability" (436) -online profiles contain many signals, but the viewer has to understand them in order for them to function properly *there's also the converse risk of having an inadvertent signal on the profile *there are clues that are meant, and those that are revealed by accident, and those that are subtle have more value to many people -"Signaling theory: the type of information that can be placed in profiles...profile elements act as signals that may prove something about the identity of the user. These signals can be manipulated by senders to communicate personal qualities, or interpreted by receivers to make judgments about the characteristics of other users" (436) *how do we tell about ourselves to others... and how does a library signal info about itself to not only its patrons but its viewers outside the geographical area -"common ground theory: the motivation of filling out profiles, which is to establish common frames of reference that enhance mutual understanding" (436) *libraries need to identify the needs of their primary users, and reflect these in the profile -"Transaction cost theory: certain profile elements may facilitate the production of shared referents" (436)

-due to the social connections of the SNS, the info in profiles can be verified or not, in many cases easily *libraries cannot ever afford to be caught out in a falsehood! -some of the pieces of the profile are not relevant for libraries, or can be whimsical on the page (likes, etc.) Now with the additional of pages, many of these elements are not even present -size of network/friends may help subtly verify other elements to viewers of a profile -generic vs specific knowledge presented in order to garner common ground with viewers of a profile (437) -through the transaction cost theory, finding common ground can reduce social networking time

College students and cellphones; 94% text every day, 73% call every day. 57% in survey use smartphones, 97% of smartphone users use them for social networking - 95% of those do Facebook, 47% Twitter - infographic by HackCollege on Mashable.com

smartphones and the pervasiveness on connectivity allow the "network" to be mobile *enormous potential for libraries to connect with patrons at their point of need

-online vs offline social networks: what is happening when more people go online? -possible ideas of sociotechnical capital revolving in a more cyclical fashion *other articles (find!) mentioned the idea of FB interactions rising and falling, this could be similar -Internet-Focused Social Capital Research (history of social capital on the internet) *early researchers adopted an either/or philosophy where time spent online devalued time spent offline. They failed to conceive of a world where social interactions could be valuable online. -as different mediums occupy time, it is important to note that social interactions can occur within the online medium (unlike tv) *mediums allow for interactions around the medium... can discuss what was on tv, share memes, etc -Putnam's concepts of "bridging" and "bonding": "bridging" social capital is inclusive. It occurs when individuals from different backgrounds make connections between social networks. "bonding" can be exclusive... The continued reciprocity found in bonding social capital provides strong emotional and substantive support and enables mobilization. *libraries want to bridge social connections and form weak ties with all patrons online *more and diverse ties to better reflect the community -matrix of social capital measures Online Bonding Offline Bonding Online Bridging Offline Bridging -Putnam suggested that the social capital derived from bridging, weak-tie networks is "better for linkage to external assets and for information diffusion" (2000, p. 22). *validates the idea that libraries need bridging, weak-ties for information diffusion *marketing on FB is info diffusion

**written before the rise of the SNSs -social capital can be seen as both social contact and civil engagement (113) *both of which can and do occur on SNSs -Putnam argues there is a general decline in American social capital (evidenced by less social activity, less family dinners, etc.) However he is only looking at one specific form of social capital, and the online environment has supplemented if not supplanted some of these areas (Putnam v Fischer debate) *in the past five years, social networks have sprung up that have strengthened ties in communities, and allowed those separated by geography to remain close -has urbanity killed the social vibrant pastoral communities of yore? No... just need to change the criteria a bit to account for the numerous ways people communicate nowdays -with industrialization came the age of the individual (114) -"community-multiplying nature of the Internet" (117) -people seek out others with common interests to share ideas *social capital is strengthened *need to be careful the social networks are not self-perpetuating, or they can become unhealthy

p.6 the social networking site Facebook moved from a relative non-factor to near ubiquity in large libraries: for libraries serving communities of at least 500,000 people, the ratio of those with a Facebook presence jumped from barely one in ten in 2008 (11%) to 4 out of 5 (80%) in 2010.

-regular library web presence has plateaued, but social media presence is growing exponentially -"the social networking site Facebook moved from a relative non-factor to near ubiquity in large libraries" (2007 to 2011) -discussions have moved from social media to mobile apps *but why?? users access social media using mobile apps too! (shouldn't be an either/or) -"Revisiting the observational data from the first iteration of the study, researchers found that libraries identified as Early Adopters in 2008 saw significantly greater increases in visits and circulation between 2003 and 2008 than their peers who had not been as active in the adoption of these technologies. Regression analysis suggests that, even when controlling for staff and collection expenditures, adoption of web technologies is a predictor of these increases." *if you build it, they will visit!! -although Web 2.0 has brought new changes into the mix, the reality of the library's mission has not overly changed -libraries mostly use RSS feeds and blogs to convey info to patrons *one way information, doesn't reflect a desire to engage patrons -most literature published about Web 2.0 identifies the potential, not the actual *correlate social media presence to visits? -FB, Twitter and Flickr are the most popular social media sites for libraries

Nov 15, 2010 from slides: 93% of teens 12-17 are using Internet, 79% of adults 18 and over. 66% of homes have broadband; 70% of urban & suburban homes, but only 50% of rural homes. 2/3 of online adults and 3/4 of online teens are content creators. 50% of adults customize digital info flows (RSS feeds, etc.) Less likely to have broadband: high school education or less, senior citizen, rural resident, disabled, Arican-american. 85% of adults own cell phones. 2/3 of adults and 3/4 of teens use the cloud. 34% of Americans used Internet on a cell. 21% of American adults are not online. 1/3 of Americans used library computers in 2009: 40% seeking jobs/careers, 42% used it for education (homework, classes, degree prep) and 37% for health/wellness research on disease, diet, nutrition, doctors. "Those with a chronic disease are especially likely to reach out for support online." "Social media bridges generational gaps and provides a shared space for interaction."

*does use of Broadband correlate to use of social networks? (i.e. type and frequency?) *w/ the advent of wide-spread broadband availability, the consumers become the creators *as people can access anytime and anywhere, how does the library remain relevant in the online world? How to be sure the wide variety of library's population is represented in the online experience? *diverse networks more segmented and layered *social media can bridge generation gaps between seniors and younger users

p.31 Of 366 university undergrads surveyed in 2008, 92.3% used Facebook and 41.3% MySpace, only 21 students used neither; 74.9% were willing to 'friend' the library; 79.2% were willing to receive announcements & communications from library via FB/MySpace

*students willingness to "friend" the library indicates the potential for weak links exist (presently latent) *how can libraries provide value-added services with social media? People use social networks for short info searches and queries. Libraries can be useful in this respect, particularly if people have already indicated a willingness to include them in their network.

-part of the social concept of Twitter is the re-tweeting, or reposting of others' tweets *this is how information spreads, or knowledge becomes viral (information diffusion) *displayed as: RT @ username "copied message" -56.7% of retweets have URLs in them while only 19.0% of regular tweets have URLs. *example of info diffusion.. content creation spreads across a network, creates links -retweets on a large scale take not just content but context *not just what you tweet, but who you tweet it to (followers) -"findings suggest that microblogging can be tailored to facilitate informal communication between colleagues in organizations" *libraries can tweet info to patrons? links, database promotions, etc -real-time concept of Twitter disseminates info faster (but... more accurately?) *much of Twitter is personal sharing/overshare? -URLs and hashtags help retweetability, as does age of account and number of followers/ees, but number of tweets does not affect potential for retweeting *libraries can establish accounts, and not worry about constant tweeting to get retweeted

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-"what patterns of connectivity emerge among group members because of the ties they maintain and the media they use" (127)

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