HSA MRSA (Hospital Acquired)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics. In the community, most MRSA infections are skin infections. In medical facilities, MRSA causes life-threatening bloodstream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections.

Garden-variety staph are common bacteria that can live in our bodies.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics.

MRSA infections are common among people who have weak immune systems and are in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care centers. Infections can appear around surgical wounds or invasive devices, like catheters or implanted feeding tubes. 

(MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics.

some antibiotics still work,

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body

it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores or boils. But it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -- because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics.

Red Swollen Painful Warm to the touch Full of pus or other drainage Accompanied by a fever

If you or someone in your family experiences these signs and symptoms, cover the area with a bandage, wash your hands, and contact your doctor

You can’t tell by looking at the skin if it is a staph infection (including

Contact your doctor if you think you have an infection so it can be treated quickly

Signs of infection include redness, warmth, swelling, pus, and pain at sites where your skin has sores, abrasions, or cuts. Sometimes these infections can be confused with spider bites

Do not try to treat the infection yourself by picking or popping the sore

Treatment for MRSA skin infections may include having a healthcare professional drain the infection and, in some cases, prescribe an antibioti

Cover your wounds. Keep wounds covered with clean, dry bandages until healed. Follow your doctor’s instructions about proper care of the wound. Pus from infected wounds can contain MRSA so keeping the infection covered will help prevent the spread to others. Bandages and tape can be thrown away with the regular trash. Clean your hands often. You, your family, and others in close contact should wash their hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub, especially after changing the bandage or touching the infected wound. Do not share personal items. Personal items include towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, and uniforms. Wash used sheets, towels, and clothes with water and laundry detergent. Use a dryer to dry them completely. Wash clothes according to manufacturer’s instructions on the label.

MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics. In the general community, MRSA can cause skin and other infections. In a healthcare setting, such as a hospital or nursing home, MRSA can cause severe problems such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections. For more information visit MRSA in healthcare settings.

that has continued to grow now. It approaches 60% across the United States in many of the intensive care units (ICUs)

MRSA has progressed at an average rate of about 2% over the past couple of years.

prevalence of MRSA is highly globa

areas where prevalence is fairly low -- in the Netherlands less than 1% and in Canada 2.3%

2 policies that both countries have

One is a strict search-and-destroy policy: patients from other countries and those with MRSA are isolated upon hospital admission until screening cultures for MRSA are proven negative. The second is a restrictive prescribing policy in which the defined daily dosage used per 1000 people per day in primary healthcare is around 8.9.

aureus was found to be the predominant pathogen in nosocomial skin and skin-structure infections

year 2000.

vancomycin, which is static, as well as some of the beta-lactamases

delay in appropriate treatment

resistant organisms lead to delays in appropriate treatment, and that delays in appropriate treatment lead to resistant organisms

Increased cost of MRSA

MRSA in the bloodstream costs about 3 times more and results in 3 times longer the length of stay

vancomycin has the FDA indications, with linezolid second. Daptomycin and tigecycline are approved for skin and skin-structure infections, but quinupristin-dalfopristin is not approved for complicated skin and skin-structure infections with MRSA.

ventilator-associated pneumonia due to MRSA

surgical patients with resistant gram-positive cocci showed a higher mortality rate and increased length of stay

we had hardly any incidence of MRSA in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in the United States

higher association with MRSA than with MSSA

fluoroquinolones, macrolides, previous hospitalizations, enteral feeds, surgery, and the length of stay before culture are independently associated with MRSA infections.

CA-MRSA infections

infections in the community usually manifest as skin infections, such as pimples and boils

occur in otherwise healthy people

HA-MRSA patients are in long-term care facilities, have comorbidities (such as diabetes), are on dialysis, have prolonged hospitalization, and are ICU patients

HA-MRSA is more multidrug resistant

In HA-MRSA, one sees nosocomial pneumonia, catheter-related urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and skin and skin-structure infections.

initially resulted from a recombination event, one involving the gene encoding in existing PBP and an inducible beta-lactamase gene.

In terms of microbiologic cure rates at the test-of-cure visit, linezolid was also superior to vancomycin.

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of this comparative trial in complicated skin and skin-structure infections showed that compared with vancomycin, linezolid reduced the length of stay and duration of IV treatment by about 2 days.

other studies have not found this similar association.

Vancomycin is IV only. It is more costly -- even as a generic, based on pharmacoeconomic data -- relative to linezolid.

Quinupristin-dalfopristin is IV only and may cause phlebitis, requiring central line placement.

Linezolid is relatively new; is more expensive (on an acquisition basis) compared with vancomycin; has reversible hematologic and, with long courses, neurologic effects; and has developed some resistance, mainly in enterococcal infections, with prolonged use and with failure to remove retained foreign bodies.

Daptomycin is IV only; quite new; has limited indications; is also expensive, compared with vancomycin; has a muscle effect requiring monitoring of creatine phosphokinase; is inactivated by surfactants, thus obviating its use in pulmonary infections; and to date has no pharmacoeconomic data.

Tigecycline is IV only, very new, and has a broader spectrum than any of the other agents in that it has some gram-negative activity

Dalbavancin is IV only, and we need to have the official data on safety, tolerance, efficacy, indication, and pharmacoeconomics, which will probably be available later this year.

HA-MRSA is acquired in the hospital setting and is one of many hospital-acquired infections exhibiting increased antimicrobial resistance

increased during the past decade due to a number of factors including an increased number of immunocompromised and elderly patients; an increase in the number of invasive procedures, e.g., advanced surgical operations and life support treatments; and failures in infection control measures such as hand washing prior to patient contact and removal of non-essential catheters.

tends to occur in conditions where people are in close physical contact, such as athletes involved in football and wrestling, soldiers kept in close quarters, inmates, childcare workers, and residents of long-term care facilities.

typically occur as skin or soft tissue infections, but can develop into more invasive, life-threatening infections.

occurring with increasing frequency in the United States

CA-MRSA is caused by newly emerging strains unlike those responsible for HA-MRSA and can cause infections in otherwise healthy persons with no links to healthcare systems.

During the past four decades, a type of bacteria has evolved from a controllable nuisance into a serious public health concern.

HA-MRSA has increased during the past decade due to a number of factors including an increased number of immunocompromised and elderly patients; an increase in the number of invasive procedures, e.g., advanced surgical operations and life support treatments; and failures in infection control measures such as hand washing prior to patient contact and removal of non-essential catheters.

Dr. Robert Daum, a researcher at the University of Chicago

CA-MRSA is transferred from the initial infected person to other members

Two clinical trials are underway to define the optimal treatment for skin and soft tissue infections caused by CA-MRSA.