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kogburn084

Preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections - 0 views

patients.about.com/...spital-Acquired-Infections.htm

shared by kogburn084 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Know how hospital infections spread.
  • Choose the cleanest hospital for your care or treatment.
  • Choose a doctor with a lower infection rate.
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • Prepare ahead of time for your hospital stay.
  • Your goal as a hospital patient will be to avoid being a hospital infection statistic.
  • Plan for times you can't advocate for yourself.
  • How to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Infections
  • he only patients hospitalized are those who are very sick,
  • Hospitals are dangerous places to be for several reasons.
  • need surgery that can't be performed in an outpatient facility,
  • who have severe injuries. In all cases, these patients are at grave risk for acquiring infections, called "nosocomial" infections
  • According to the CDC, about 1.7 million Americans are infected in hospitals every year
  • According to the CDC, about 1.7 million Americans are infected in hospitals every year.
  • Most are immunocompromised. Almost 100,000 of them die.
  • Almost 100,000 of them die
  • Your goal as a hospital patient will be to avoid being a hospital infection statistic.
  • While it is impossible to prevent every nosocomial infection, here are some steps you can take to attempt to keep yourself, or your loved one, from acquiring an infection while in the hospital:
  • While it is impossible to prevent every nosocomial infection,
  • Know how hospital infections spread.
  • nsist on hand washing.
  • Choose the cleanest hospital for your care or treatment.
  • Choose a doctor with a lower infection rate.
  • Prepare ahead of time for your hospital stay.
  • Insist on hand washing.
  • Prevent the spread of germs from unsafe surfaces.
  • Insist catheters be removed or replaced as soon as possible.
  • Plan for times you can't advocate for yourself.
Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson

Hospital-acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - MicrobeWiki - 0 views

microbewiki.kenyon.edu/...t_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA)

Challenge1 infection MRSA prevention diseases

shared by Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • pherical microbe and a member of the bacteria domai
  • found naturally on the skin and in the mucus membranes of humans most importantl
  • ostrils of up to 30% of peopl
  • ...36 more annotations...
  • most commonly through human contact
  • Methicillin is a beta-lactam antibioti
  • because very few drugs (antibiotics) are still effective against t
  • not the only concern howev
  • antibiotic treatment policy, alcohol hand gel polic
  • environmental screening, chlorine disinfection and admissio
    • kayanking
      kayanking on 03 Sep 15
       
      Fairly new.
  • The aspect of Staphylococcus aureus and its genome that is most concerning revolves around the plasmids that are incorporated/associated with this bacterium’s genome.
  • Staphylococcus aureus was able to acquire antibiotic resistance through conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) of a plasmid containing a transposon
  • often code some type of antibiotic resistance.
  • Beta-lactam antibiotics target penicillin-binding proteins.
  • prevents proper peptidoglycan and cell wall formation so that cells will eventually burst as the bacteria attempt to grow larger (3).
  • econd, some bacteria can produce a modified penicillin-binding protein that no longer actually binds the antibiotic which again prevents the desired effects of the antibiotic (3).
  • The spherical bacteria is gram-positive (contains a peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall) and forms colonies that grow in two planes
  • High replication rates coupled with the great ability of to perform horizontal gene transfer (especially through conjugation) allow bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance and to spread it quickly
  • Less than 20 years after the first strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be resistant to penicillin, 80% of all strains had acquired penicillin resistance.
  • The decision to fight MRSA in hospitals revolves around three basic questions. First, is MRSA that much worse than MSSA? Second, how effective can we be in reducing the spread of MRSA? Lastly, is fighting MRSA cost effective?
  • Type I was isolated in 1961 in the UK, Type II in 1982 in Japan, Type III in 1985 in New Zealand and finally Type V at the start of the 21st century in Australia
  • In a paper by Deurenberg et al. two theories establishing the relationship between the first MRSA strains and present day MRSA strains are proposed. The first is called the single-clone theory which states that all MRSA clones or present day strains have a common ancestor.
  • The second theory is called the multi-clone theory. This second theory suggests that SCCmec was introduced several times into different Staphylococcus aureus. According to the paper by Deurenberg et al. the multi-clone theory has received greater support recently and it is from this paper that Figure 3 was taken.
  • he new antibiotic treatment policies did not prove to be an effective way of fighting the spread of MRSA infections in hospitals. The introduction of alcohol hand gel for improved hand hygiene did however prove to be very effective in reducing the spread of MRSA.
  • here was a 30% decrease in the spread of MRSA in the hospital. In the intervention hospital the introduction of alcohol hand gel reduced the spread of MRSA by 21%
  • The decrease experienced in the intervention hospital was likely smaller than that compared to the control hospital because the prevention measures of environmental swabbing for MRSA as well as chlorine disinfection of environments contributed to a 32% decrease in the spread of MRSA and these measures were not taken in the control hospita
  • It is even likely that these synergistic treatments can be used on other bacterial infections that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics.
  • After concluding that fighting the spread of and treating MRSA properly is crucial, can we be effective in preventing the spread of MRSA in hospitals?
  • The continued development of resistance to more and more drugs makes the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections and especially MRSA infections is becoming increasingly difficult.
  • have provided great insight as to what direction the fight against MRSA will be heading in
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that naturally inhabits the skin and nose of humans. If the bacterium is able to enter the body (often through wounds or sores) it can cause a number of infections including those of the bloodstream which can become fatal.
  • quickly developed resistance to this antibiotic
  • hand hygiene in hospitals has been an effective way of decreasing the spread of MRSA in hospitals
  • Methicillin was first used to treat Staphylococcus aureus in 1959
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical microbe and a member of the bacteria domain. This bacterium can be found naturally on the skin and in the mucus membranes of humans most importantly. In fact, Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the nostrils of up to 30% of people (1). The bacteria is spread most commonly through human contact be it hand-to-hand, from a wound secretion or mucus.
  • The majority of MRSA infections were wound infections (56.9%) with pneumonia cases being the second most common (21.0%). Potentially the most dangerous infection type, bloodstream infections accounted for 15.1% of the cases and urinary track infection accounted for 6.9%
  • Despite knowing that hospitals should prevent the spread of MRSA infections due to the risk of even further drug resistance over MSSA strains, and that hospitals can be effective in preventing the spread of MRSA infections, is it cost-effective for hospitals to implement the screening and isolation processes needed to fight the spread of MRSA (even though Staphylococcus aureus infections will undoubtedly occur in hospitals)? In other words, is the cost of hosting patients for longer periods of time, the costs associated with isolating patients
  • alcohol hand gel policy as well as environmental screening, chlorine disinfection and admission screening) to determine the relative effectiveness of these policies. The new antibiotic treatment policies did not prove to be an effective way of fighting the spread of MRSA infections in hospitals.
  • found in the nostrils of up to 30% of people
  • destinytaylor on 07 Sep 15
     
    signs and symptoms of mrsa
destinytaylor

The silent epidemic: CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA - 0 views

www.aaos.org/...research1.asp

MRSA Challenge1

shared by destinytaylor on 02 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • The CDC defines hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) in persons who have had frequent or recent contact with hospitals or healthcare facilities (such as nursing homes or dialysis centers) within the previous year, have recently undergone an invasive medical procedure, or are immunocompromised.
  • MRSA may be more easily transmitted when the following five Cs are present: Crowding frequent skin-to-skin Contact Compromised skin (cuts or abrasions) Contaminated items and surfaces lack of Cleanliness.
  • Locations where the five Cs are common include schools, dormitories, military barracks, households, correctional facilities, and daycare centers. C
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • 2005, admissions were triple the number in 2000 and 10-fold higher
  • In 2005 in th
  • e United
  • States alone, 368,600 hospital admissions for MRSA—including 94,000 invasive infections—resulted in 18,650 deaths.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  • infections was cellulitis and abscess,
  • Community outbreaks have been reported in sports teams, child care attendees, prison inmates, and diverse populations where habitation is relatively concentrated.
  • HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA have distinct clinical differences, both are transmitted in the same fashion—most frequently through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with shared items or surfaces (such as towels or bandages) that have come into contact with someone else’s colonized or infected skin.
  • death rate, length of stay, and cost of treating patients with MRSA are more than double other hospital admissions.
  • Technological advances in screening, as well as prevention through vaccination, are being developed
  • 58 percent of MRSA infections originate in the community
  • MRSA accounts for 60 percent of all staphylococcal infections.
  • From 1999 through 2005, infections outside the lungs or blood tripled
  • MRSA has evolved unpredictable resistance and epidemiology patterns in response to decades of successful antibiotic treatments that have been prescribed in all environments and have saved millions of lives.
  • The most frequent primary diagnosis associated with other S aureus–related infections was cellulitis and abscess, followed by postoperative infection, infections from an implanted device (Fig. 1), or graft and osteomyelitis.
  • As MRSA spreads into hospitals from the community, current insurance company and proposed governmental policies that penalize the healthcare system may be inappropriate.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  • The number of MRSA fatalities in 2005 surpassed the number of fatalities from hurricane Katrina and AIDS combined and is substantially higher than fatalities at the peak of the U. S. polio epidemic.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community outbreaks have been reported in sports teams, child care attendees, prison inmates, and diverse populations where habitation is relatively concentrated.
  • dianavillalpando on 08 Sep 14
     
    More info about MRSA and the definition.
  • Jasiel Sb on 03 Sep 15
     
    This Website Informs You Of What MRSA, The Statistics Of It And How You Get It
  • destinytaylor on 07 Sep 15
     
    yellow: signs and synmptoms blue: prevention inccubation period pink: the number of saved lives and deaths.
Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson

MRSA infection - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20024479

MRSA Challenge1 MRSAGoogleGroup

shared by Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.
  • This form, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections.
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.
  • Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community — among healthy people
  • pread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections. Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints. Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community — among healthy people. This form, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's spread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions.
    • szapata805
      szapata805 on 10 Sep 14
       
      Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections. Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints. Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community - among healthy people. This form, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's spread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions.
  • strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections.
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections.
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints.
  • Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections.
    • Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson
      Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson on 18 Sep 15
       
      we are actually looking for hospital acquired sickness
    • Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson
      Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson on 18 Sep 15
       
      remember we are looking for hospital acquired sickness
  • szapata805 on 10 Sep 14
     
    "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections. Most MRSA infections occur in people who've been in hospitals or other health care settings, such as nursing homes and dialysis centers. When it occurs in these settings, it's known as health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections typically are associated with invasive procedures or devices, such as surgeries, intravenous tubing or artificial joints. Another type of MRSA infection has occurred in the wider community - among healthy people. This form, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), often begins as a painful skin boil. It's spread by skin-to-skin contact. At-risk populations include groups such as high school wrestlers, child care workers and people who live in crowded conditions."
  • ...1 more comment...
  • junpark126 on 12 Sep 14
     
    cause
  • taliyahcarter845 on 06 Sep 15
     
    What does mrsa stand for and how it is caused
  • tjohnson472 on 06 Sep 15
     
    "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat ordinary staph infections."
denaehooks391

Hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates falling: CDC | Reuters - 0 views

www.reuters.com/...tal-mrsa-idUSBRE98F0X920130916

MRSA diseases infection prevention Hospital patients rates falling

shared by denaehooks391 on 02 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Tough-to-treat staph infections that patients can pick up while in the hospital fell by nearly 30 percent in the last decade,
  • MRSA infections are often picked up while patients are in the hospital being treated for something else,
  • MRSA infections can be picked up anywhere, such as gyms or team locker rooms.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • he number of serious MRSA infections diagnosed while people were in the hospital fell by 54 percent between 2005 and 2011 - from about 9.7 infections per 100,000 people to about 4.5 per 100,000 people.
  • fter being in contact with a healthcare setting also decreased, by about 28 percent, during that time - from 21 infections per 100,000 people to about 15 infections per 100,000 people.
  • Pennsylvania residents who lived closest to farms using pig manure were at 38 percent increased risk of MRSA infections, compared to those who lived farthest away.
  • he encourages people who are in healthcare settings to watch their doctors and nurses wash their hands.
haleyhurt268

Hospital-acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - MicrobeWiki - 0 views

microbewiki.kenyon.edu/...t_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA)

MRSA

shared by haleyhurt268 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • In the control hospital (alcohol hand gel introduced after new antibiotic treatment policy) there was a 30% decrease in the spread of MRSA in the hospital. In the intervention hospital the introduction of alcohol hand gel reduced the spread of MRSA by 21% (9).
  • he length of hospital stay is much longer for MRSA infections than MSSA infections for a number of reasons.
  • The repeated use of drugs to fight MRSA infections increases the likelihood that MRSA will also develop resistance to these drugs as well. As stated previously, some Staphylococcus aureus strains are becoming resistant to vancomycin through vanA. Resistance to vancomycin as well as the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, methicillin…) would make fighting Staphylococcus aureus infections even more difficult than fighting MRSA infections.
  • haleyhurt268 on 07 Sep 14
     
    High level material also good info
abrown844

MRSA and Other Hospital Acquired Infections: Reducing Your Risks - 0 views

www.webmd.com/...infections-reducing-your-risks

shared by abrown844 on 02 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Before surgery, ask if you will need antibiotics.
  • Before surgery, ask how hair will be removed at the surgical site
  • Ask everyone -- including doctors and nurses -- to wash their hands
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Tell family members to stay away if they're sick
  • Know the signs of infection.
  • s of viruses and bacteria, and infection is a common complication after surgery. 
  • Hospitals are hotbed
  • don't just assume you're getting antibiotics: ask if you are. If you aren't, ask why. 
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 10 Sep 14
       
      If you don't ask questions, you will never know what is going on. Not all doctors inform you about what they are preparing to do before they do it.
  • CDC recommends that if hair is removed it should be done immediately before surgery.
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 10 Sep 14
       
      Shaving the night before can cause skin infections.
  • "It's your health," says Peter B. Angood, MD, co-director, International Center for Patient Safety, "so you need to make sure that health care providers are washing their hands and protecting you."
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 10 Sep 14
       
      Don't be afraid to reassure you health; your body, your rules.
  • Before you're discharged, make sure you understand what to watch for. How will you know if your incision is getting infected? What will it look like? How will it feel? If you don't know these things, you might assume that dangerous signs of a hospital-acquired infection are just normal postoperative pain.
    • abrown844
      abrown844 on 10 Sep 14
       
      Stay well informed and aware.
arytman716

MRSA Symptoms, Facts, Risk And Prevention - 0 views

www.medical1stop.com/toms-facts-risk-and-prevention

MRSA HSA Challenge1

shared by arytman716 on 11 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • MRSA Symptoms, Facts, Risk And Prevention
  • MRSA stands for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • It is transmitted between patients by contact with the skin or clothing of an infected person, and can also be contracted by coming into contact with a particular area where the sufferer has been
  • ...29 more annotations...
  • many strains of MRSA
  • often associated with hospitals and other medical institutions
  • MRSA symptoms
  • Symptoms
  • Boils and abscesses Impetigo Cellulitis Sty – an infection around the eye Carbuncles and rashes
  • It is important to understand that, while MRSA begins as a skin infection, it spreads easily to other parts of the body; in fact, it can affect just about any of the vital organs.
  • MRSA can be transmitted from the skin or clothing of an infected person, or by contact with chairs, benches, other furniture and utensils that have been used by one.
  • Facts
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a highly resistant bacteria that is surprisingly common
  • There are two main types of MRSA: CA-MRSA which stands for ‘community or commonly acquired’ and HA-MRSA, meaning ‘hospital acquired’; the first type is not associated with a health care issue, the second is acquired in a hospital or other health care institute.
  • When the bacteria attacks the organs – and it can be found in any organ in the body – it can cause a number of potentially fatal problems, including: endocarditis
  • resistant to multiple antibiotics.
  • best prevention method is attention to personal hygiene.
  • Fever and chills Headaches Shortness of breath Low blood pressure Pains in the joints
  • Methicillin, a common antibiotic used in many instances, was proven to be useless against the MRSA bacteria, and it has since evolved to become resistant to many more of the most advances antibiotics we know of. It is important to explain that MRSA is not a virus; it is a bacterial infection. It is a common bacteria that occurs across the world, and it is very difficult to estimate the numbers of people who have died from complications brought about by MRSA.
  • Prevention
  • of MRSA is
  • important
  • prevention
  • Avoid direct contact with known patients, their clothes and their direct environment Treat and protect any cuts or bruises properly Wash hands with soap and water after contact with others, and use antiseptic wipes where possible In hospitals, use the antiseptic wash facilities when entering or leaving a ward Keep a rigorous hygiene regime at all times
  • Prognosis
  • Estimates have put the mortality rate in MRSA patients at somewhere between four and 10%; the numbers of patients suffering from the infection ranks at millions at any one time across the world.
  • What Is MRSA?
  • kidney and lung infections, necrotizing faciitis, sepsis, and many more diseases of the organs. This is why it is vital that early
  • diagnosis is made.
  • MRSA And Pregnancy
  • absolutely essential that pregnant women consult their doctor should they suspect they have MRSA, or if they are known carriers
  • of the infection
  • here are certain creams that can be used by pregnant women to help with the skin infection, and a doctor will help you find the right one.
Mikeria Busby

Overview, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus - 0 views

www.niaid.nih.gov/...overview.aspx

MRSA spread in Hopsital

shared by Mikeria Busby on 04 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • About one-third of people in the world have S. aureus bacteria on their bodies at any given time, primarily in the nose and on the skin.
  • The bacteria can be present without causing an active infection.
  • MRSA can be categorized according to where the infection was acquired: hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA).
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • HA-MRSA is acquired in the hospital setting and is one of many hospital-acquired infections exhibiting increased antimicrobial resistance
  • increased during the past decade due to a number of factors including an increased number of immunocompromised and elderly patients; an increase in the number of invasive procedures, e.g., advanced surgical operations and life support treatments; and failures in infection control measures such as hand washing prior to patient contact and removal of non-essential catheters.
  • CA-MRSA is caused by newly emerging strains unlike those responsible for HA-MRSA and can cause infections in otherwise healthy persons with no links to healthcare systems.
  • typically occur as skin or soft tissue infections, but can develop into more invasive, life-threatening infections.
  • occurring with increasing frequency in the United States
  • tends to occur in conditions where people are in close physical contact, such as athletes involved in football and wrestling, soldiers kept in close quarters, inmates, childcare workers, and residents of long-term care facilities.
  • During the past four decades, a type of bacteria has evolved from a controllable nuisance into a serious public health concern.
  • HA-MRSA has increased during the past decade due to a number of factors including an increased number of immunocompromised and elderly patients; an increase in the number of invasive procedures, e.g., advanced surgical operations and life support treatments; and failures in infection control measures such as hand washing prior to patient contact and removal of non-essential catheters.
  • Mikeria Busby on 03 Sep 15
     
    " HA-MRSA has increased during the past decade due to a number of factors including an increased number of immunocompromised and elderly patients; an increase in the number of invasive procedures, e.g., advanced surgical operations and life support treatments; and failures in infection control measures such as hand washing prior to patient contact and removal of non-essential catheters."
katerastokes865

Community-Acquired MRSA Becoming More Common in Pediatric ICU Patients | Children's Hos... - 0 views

www.hopkinschildrens.org/in-Pediatric-ICU-Patients.aspx

shared by katerastokes865 on 06 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Once considered a hospital anomaly, community-acquired infections with drug-resistant strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus now turn up regularly among children hospitalized in the intensive-care unit,
  • Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a virulent subset of the bacterium and impervious to the most commonly used antibiotics.
  • Most CA-MRSA causes skin and soft-tissue infections, but in ill people or in those with weakened immune systems, it can lead to invasive, sometimes fatal, infections.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • “MRSA has become so widespread in the community, that it’s become nearly impossible to predict which patients harbor MRSA on their body,”
asiacarrasco03

MRSA FAQ - 1 views

www.avma.org/...MRSA-FAQs.aspx

MRSA Challenge1 diseases

shared by asiacarrasco03 on 09 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • MRSA is a major pathogen in both nosocomial (infection acquired in a hospital) and community-acquired (the infection comes from a non-hospital source) infections worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is one of the most common causes of human skin and soft tissue infections in the United States. In the United States, MRSA is the 10th leading cause of death in humans, and is the most frequently identified antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogen (a pathogen is a disease-producing organism, such as a virus or bacteria) in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. A report published in 2008 estimated that 1.5% of the US population (~4.1 million people) was colonized with MRSA.
  • The bacteria can also be spread when an animal or human comes into contact with objects that are contaminated. These objects include clothing, towels, bedding, bandages, and medical or sports equipment.
  • type of bacteria.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • MRSA infection in a dairy cow
  • MRSA infections reported in horses, dogs, cats, pet birds, cattle and pigs.
  • MRSA is spread by direct physical contact with another person or animal
  • Athletes Military recruits People with weakened immune systems (i.e., immunocompromised)
  • (zoonotic)
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
  • Hospital patients Incarcerated individuals Nursing home residents
  • Children in day care
  • (reverse zoonotic
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus or MRSA (usually pronounced "mur-sah") is a type of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium on skin, and it is not usually a problem. However, when the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are not susceptible to the antibiotic methicillin (ie, methicillin does not kill the bacteria or stop its growth), it is considered to be MRSA. Bacteria resistant to methicillin are often resistant to other antibiotics as well.
  • If MRSA is present, it is commonly carried on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people and/or pets. If an infection is present, it can be found almost anywhere—especially where there's a skin wound or sore
  • does not exhibit symptoms of disease is considered to be "colonized
  • who do exhibit symptoms
  • considered "infected"
abaxter922

MRSA Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ... - 0 views

www.medicinenet.com/...page2.htm

shared by abaxter922 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.
  • known for causing skin infections in addition to many other types of infections.
  • hospital-acquired or health-care-acquired MRSA (also termed HA-MRSA or HMRSA), or epidemic MRSA (EMRSA).
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • There are other designations in the scientific literature for these bacteria according to where the bacteria are acquired
  • 19,000 people per year have died from MRSA in the U.S.;
  • the CDC in 2011 suggest this number has declined by about 54% from 2005 to 2011,
  • because of prevention practices at hospitals and home care.
  • hospital deaths from MRSA infection have declined by about 9,000 per year from 2005-2011.
  • CDC recently estimated about 80,000 infections with 11,000 deaths occurred in 2011,
  • MRSA was first noted in 1961, about two years after the antibiotic methicillin was initially used to treat S.
  • resistance to methicillin was due to a penicillin-binding protein coded for by a mobile genetic element termed the methicillin-resistant gene (mecA).
  • the gene has continued to evolve so that many MRSA strains are currently resistant to several different antibiotics such as penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin (Amoxil, Dispermox, Trimox). HA-MRSA are often also resistant to tetracycline (Sumycin), erythromycin (E-Mycin, Eryc, Ery-Tab, PCE, Pediazole, Ilosone), and clindamycin (Cleocin)
  • have been termed "flesh-eating bacteria" because of their occasional rapid spread and destruction of human skin.
  • healthy people with no cuts, abrasions, or breaks on their skin are at low risk for getting infected.
  • MRSA strains of bacteria can be found worldwide
  • the bacteria can be passed from person to person by direct contact with infected skin, mucus, or droplets spread by coughs in both adults and children
  • Indirect contact also can spread the bacteria; for example, touching items like towels, utensils, clothing, or other objects that have been in contact with an infected person can spread the bacteria to other uninfected individuals.
  • out of every 100 people in the U.S. are colonized with MRSA (have the organisms in or on their body but not causing infection),
ddail172

Hospital-acquired infection - Special Collection :: Hospital-acquired infection - The C... - 0 views

www.thecochranelibrary.com/...spital-acquired-infection.html

infection special collection library

shared by ddail172 on 08 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers 
  • preventing cross-infection between patients
  • his systematic review aimed to determine whether the use of mupirocin nasal ointment in patients with identified S. aureus nasal carriage reduced S. aureus infection rates.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • his systematic review aimed to determine the effects of infection prevention and control strategies for preventing the transmission of MRSA in nursing homes for older people.
rivera627

Hospital eTool | Healthcare Wide Hazards - Multidrug-Resistent Organisms - MRSA - 0 views

www.osha.gov/...mrsa.html

shared by rivera627 on 08 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • MRSA infections are becoming increasingly common among persons of all ages who previously were considered to be at low risk for this type of infection.
  • commonly called "staph", is a bacteria commonly found on the skin and in the nose of healthy people
  • MRSA infections occur most frequently among persons in hospitals and other healthcare facilities (such as nursing homes and dialysis centers) who have weakened immune systems.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure
kayanking

Community-Acquired and Healthcare-Associated MRS - 0 views

www.medscape.org/...544583

shared by kayanking on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)
  • community-acquired (CA-MRSA) and healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA)
  • increased mortality rate associated with MRSA
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • that has continued to grow now. It approaches 60% across the United States in many of the intensive care units (ICUs)
  • MRSA has progressed at an average rate of about 2% over the past couple of years.
  • prevalence of MRSA is highly globa
  • areas where prevalence is fairly low -- in the Netherlands less than 1% and in Canada 2.3%
  • 2 policies that both countries have
  • One is a strict search-and-destroy policy: patients from other countries and those with MRSA are isolated upon hospital admission until screening cultures for MRSA are proven negative. The second is a restrictive prescribing policy in which the defined daily dosage used per 1000 people per day in primary healthcare is around 8.9.
  • aureus was found to be the predominant pathogen in nosocomial skin and skin-structure infections
  • year 2000.
  • vancomycin, which is static, as well as some of the beta-lactamases
  • delay in appropriate treatment
  • resistant organisms lead to delays in appropriate treatment, and that delays in appropriate treatment lead to resistant organisms
  • Increased cost of MRSA
  • MRSA in the bloodstream costs about 3 times more and results in 3 times longer the length of stay
  • vancomycin has the FDA indications, with linezolid second. Daptomycin and tigecycline are approved for skin and skin-structure infections, but quinupristin-dalfopristin is not approved for complicated skin and skin-structure infections with MRSA.
  • ventilator-associated pneumonia due to MRSA
  • surgical patients with resistant gram-positive cocci showed a higher mortality rate and increased length of stay
  • we had hardly any incidence of MRSA in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in the United States
  • higher association with MRSA than with MSSA
  • fluoroquinolones, macrolides, previous hospitalizations, enteral feeds, surgery, and the length of stay before culture are independently associated with MRSA infections.
  • CA-MRSA infections
  • infections in the community usually manifest as skin infections, such as pimples and boils
  • occur in otherwise healthy people
  • HA-MRSA patients are in long-term care facilities, have comorbidities (such as diabetes), are on dialysis, have prolonged hospitalization, and are ICU patients
  • HA-MRSA is more multidrug resistant
  • In HA-MRSA, one sees nosocomial pneumonia, catheter-related urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and skin and skin-structure infections.
  • initially resulted from a recombination event, one involving the gene encoding in existing PBP and an inducible beta-lactamase gene.
  • In terms of microbiologic cure rates at the test-of-cure visit, linezolid was also superior to vancomycin.
  • Pharmacoeconomic analysis of this comparative trial in complicated skin and skin-structure infections showed that compared with vancomycin, linezolid reduced the length of stay and duration of IV treatment by about 2 days.
  • other studies have not found this similar association.
  • Vancomycin is IV only. It is more costly -- even as a generic, based on pharmacoeconomic data -- relative to linezolid.
  • Quinupristin-dalfopristin is IV only and may cause phlebitis, requiring central line placement.
  • Linezolid is relatively new; is more expensive (on an acquisition basis) compared with vancomycin; has reversible hematologic and, with long courses, neurologic effects; and has developed some resistance, mainly in enterococcal infections, with prolonged use and with failure to remove retained foreign bodies.
  • Daptomycin is IV only; quite new; has limited indications; is also expensive, compared with vancomycin; has a muscle effect requiring monitoring of creatine phosphokinase; is inactivated by surfactants, thus obviating its use in pulmonary infections; and to date has no pharmacoeconomic data.
  • Tigecycline is IV only, very new, and has a broader spectrum than any of the other agents in that it has some gram-negative activity
  • Dalbavancin is IV only, and we need to have the official data on safety, tolerance, efficacy, indication, and pharmacoeconomics, which will probably be available later this year.
dianavillalpando

Healthcare-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or HA-MRSA - 0 views

infectiousdiseases.about.com/...HA-MRSA.htm

MRSA HSA Challenge1 deflitch

shared by dianavillalpando on 06 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Healthcare-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or HA-MRSA, is a potentially deadly strain of Staph aureus that is resistant to several antibiotics. This superbug has been appearing more and more in hospitals and other healthcare settings, representing a growing public health problem in the United States.
  • While these patients are the most common source of the bacteria, transmission occurs when healthcare workers’ hands touch other patients who are HA-MRSA carriers
  • Other sources of transmission in healthcare settings include open wounds, catheters, or breathing tubes.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Who’s at risk?
  • where patients undergo invasive medical procedures or have weakened immune systems.
  • HA-MRSA infections may include surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia
  • kin infection may appear as a red, swollen, painful area on the skin.
  • orm of an abscess, boil, or pus-filled lesion,
  • accompanied by fever and warmth
  • More serious HA-MRSA infections have symptoms that include chest pain, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and rash.
  • life-threatening, especially without treatment.
  • Antibiotics (not including methicillin) are usually the first choice
  • More serious infections may require hospitalization, during which treatments may include intravenous fluids and medication, kidney dialysis (in case of kidney failure) and oxygen therapy (increasing oxygen supply to the lungs).
  • Prevention: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water
  • Staph aureus sticks to different kinds of tissue within the body and has ways of evading the immune response
  • How it causes disease:
  • Many symptoms of Staph aureus infections occur as a result of tissue destruction by bacterial enzymes. For example, Staph aureus produces toxins, known as superantigens, that can induce septic shock.
  • In hospital settings, Staph aureus can form a slimy material, called a biofilm, on certain solid surfaces (catheters and prosthetic devices); the biofilm serves as a protective barrier against the immune system and antimicrobial agents.
  • dianavillalpando on 10 Sep 14
     
    HSA MRSA
dianavillalpando

MRSA and the Workplace - 0 views

www.cdc.gov/mrsa

MRSA HSA Challenge1 deflitch

shared by dianavillalpando on 10 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) refers to types of staph that are resistant to a type of antibiotic methicillin.
  • Staph infections, including MRSA, occur most frequently among persons in hospitals and healthcare facilities (such as nursing homes and dialysis centers) who have weakened immune systems.
  • You, your family, and others in close contact should wash their hands frequently with soap and warm water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after changing the bandage or touching the infected wound.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Keep areas of the skin affected by MRSA covered. Keep wounds that are draining or have pus covered with clean, dry bandages. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions on proper care of the wound. Pus from infected wounds can contain staph and MRSA, so keeping the infection covered will help prevent the spread to others. Bandages or tape can be discarded with the regular trash.
  • Cover your wound.
  • Staph and MRSA can also cause illness in persons outside of hospitals and healthcare facilities. MRSA infections that are acquired by persons whohave not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-associated MRSA infections.
  • Clean your hands.
  • Avoid sharing personal items such as uniforms, personal protective equipment, clothing, towels, washcloths or razors that may have had contact with the infected wound or bandage.
  • Do not share personal items
  • Talk to your doctor.
  • Tell any healthcare providers who treat you that you have or had a staph or MRSA skin infection.
gseiber103

MRSA: Get Facts on This Staph Infection and MRSA Symptoms - 0 views

www.medicinenet.com/...article.htm

mrsa hsa deflitch English

shared by gseiber103 on 07 Sep 14 - Cached
  • MRSA means methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
  • classified as CA-MRSA (community acquired) or HA-MRSA (hospital- or health-care-acquired)
  • person to person by direct contact with the skin, clothing, or area (for example, sink, bench, bed, and utensil) that had recent physical contact with a MRSA-infected person.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • CA-MRSA starts as skin infections
  • HA-MRSA can begin an infection of the skin, a wound
  • draining pus is often one of the first signs
  • MRSA infections are diagnosed by culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
  • almost always found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics.
  • need to have antibiotic susceptibility
  • frequently involves the use of vancomycin, often in combination with other antibiotics given by IV; CA-MRSA can often be treated
  • Prevention of MRSA is possible by excellent hygiene practices, avoiding skin contact with infected people or items they have touched, and by wearing disposable gloves, gowns, and masks when treating or visiting hospitalized MRSA patients
  • one of the 18 microbes listed by the CDC as a multidrug-resistant microbe or "superbug."
marandahalstead

An Outbreak of Community-Acquired Foodborne Illness Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Sta... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2730279

shared by marandahalstead on 28 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • (MRSA) are increasingly community acquired.
  • 30 minutes after it was purchased
  • reheated in a home microwave
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • 3 to 4 hours after eating the meal, the three adults--who had not eaten another common meal together in the preceding week--had nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
  • not become ill.
  • Vomiting ceased after treatment with phenothiazine,
  • welve cultures of S. aureus recovered from stool samples of the ill family members, food specimens, and nasal swabs of the food preparers were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for further testing.
  • This strain produced staphylococcal enterotoxin C and was identified as being MRSA.
  • esistant to penicillin and oxacillin
  • wo different strains of S. aureus recovered from the nasal swab of food preparer B
  • She reported no recent gastrointestinal illness nor chronic health problems, history of admission to a hospital, or use of antibiotics in the previous 6 months.
  • visit an elderly relative, who resided in a nursing home, approximately 2 to 3 times each month before the outbreak.
  • positive for two different strains of MSSA, but not MRSA
  • Staphylococcal food poisoning is estimated to account for 185,000 foodborne illnesses per year in the United States;
  • , MRSA has been considered primarily a health- care-associated pathogen, causing invasive disease in which multidrug resistance poses a substantial challenge to successful treatment.
  • s 20% to 40% of adults are estimated to be colonized at any time, a
  • MRSA becomes increasingly common in the community
jadaweber

MRSA Infection Prevention - Cedars-Sinai - 0 views

www.cedars-sinai.edu/...taphylococcus-aureus-MRSA.aspx

infection health MRSA

shared by jadaweber on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • type of bacteria that have become resistant to many commonly used antibiotics.
  • treatable infection,
  • common type of bacteria that normally live on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • infection can occur when these get inside the body through a cut, sore, catheter or breathing tube
  • range from minor – such as a pimple – to serious, involving the heart, lungs, blood stream or bones.
  • jadaweber on 03 Sep 15
     
    Basic information on how you're infected and what MRSA is. 
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