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kogburn084

Preventing Hospital-Acquired Infections - 0 views

patients.about.com/...spital-Acquired-Infections.htm

shared by kogburn084 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Know how hospital infections spread.
  • Choose the cleanest hospital for your care or treatment.
  • Choose a doctor with a lower infection rate.
  • ...24 more annotations...
  • Prepare ahead of time for your hospital stay.
  • Your goal as a hospital patient will be to avoid being a hospital infection statistic.
  • Plan for times you can't advocate for yourself.
  • How to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Infections
  • he only patients hospitalized are those who are very sick,
  • Hospitals are dangerous places to be for several reasons.
  • need surgery that can't be performed in an outpatient facility,
  • who have severe injuries. In all cases, these patients are at grave risk for acquiring infections, called "nosocomial" infections
  • According to the CDC, about 1.7 million Americans are infected in hospitals every year
  • According to the CDC, about 1.7 million Americans are infected in hospitals every year.
  • Most are immunocompromised. Almost 100,000 of them die.
  • Almost 100,000 of them die
  • Your goal as a hospital patient will be to avoid being a hospital infection statistic.
  • While it is impossible to prevent every nosocomial infection, here are some steps you can take to attempt to keep yourself, or your loved one, from acquiring an infection while in the hospital:
  • While it is impossible to prevent every nosocomial infection,
  • Know how hospital infections spread.
  • nsist on hand washing.
  • Choose the cleanest hospital for your care or treatment.
  • Choose a doctor with a lower infection rate.
  • Prepare ahead of time for your hospital stay.
  • Insist on hand washing.
  • Prevent the spread of germs from unsafe surfaces.
  • Insist catheters be removed or replaced as soon as possible.
  • Plan for times you can't advocate for yourself.
asiacarrasco03

MRSA FAQ - 1 views

www.avma.org/...MRSA-FAQs.aspx

MRSA Challenge1 diseases

shared by asiacarrasco03 on 09 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • MRSA is a major pathogen in both nosocomial (infection acquired in a hospital) and community-acquired (the infection comes from a non-hospital source) infections worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is one of the most common causes of human skin and soft tissue infections in the United States. In the United States, MRSA is the 10th leading cause of death in humans, and is the most frequently identified antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogen (a pathogen is a disease-producing organism, such as a virus or bacteria) in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. A report published in 2008 estimated that 1.5% of the US population (~4.1 million people) was colonized with MRSA.
  • The bacteria can also be spread when an animal or human comes into contact with objects that are contaminated. These objects include clothing, towels, bedding, bandages, and medical or sports equipment.
  • type of bacteria.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • MRSA infection in a dairy cow
  • MRSA infections reported in horses, dogs, cats, pet birds, cattle and pigs.
  • MRSA is spread by direct physical contact with another person or animal
  • Athletes Military recruits People with weakened immune systems (i.e., immunocompromised)
  • (zoonotic)
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
  • Hospital patients Incarcerated individuals Nursing home residents
  • Children in day care
  • (reverse zoonotic
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus or MRSA (usually pronounced "mur-sah") is a type of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium on skin, and it is not usually a problem. However, when the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are not susceptible to the antibiotic methicillin (ie, methicillin does not kill the bacteria or stop its growth), it is considered to be MRSA. Bacteria resistant to methicillin are often resistant to other antibiotics as well.
  • If MRSA is present, it is commonly carried on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people and/or pets. If an infection is present, it can be found almost anywhere—especially where there's a skin wound or sore
  • does not exhibit symptoms of disease is considered to be "colonized
  • who do exhibit symptoms
  • considered "infected"
Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson

Hospital-acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - MicrobeWiki - 0 views

microbewiki.kenyon.edu/...t_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA)

Challenge1 infection MRSA prevention diseases

shared by Sa'Bachthani-Jasmine Richardson on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • pherical microbe and a member of the bacteria domai
  • found naturally on the skin and in the mucus membranes of humans most importantl
  • ostrils of up to 30% of peopl
  • ...36 more annotations...
  • most commonly through human contact
  • Methicillin is a beta-lactam antibioti
  • because very few drugs (antibiotics) are still effective against t
  • not the only concern howev
  • antibiotic treatment policy, alcohol hand gel polic
  • environmental screening, chlorine disinfection and admissio
    • kayanking
      kayanking on 03 Sep 15
       
      Fairly new.
  • The aspect of Staphylococcus aureus and its genome that is most concerning revolves around the plasmids that are incorporated/associated with this bacterium’s genome.
  • Staphylococcus aureus was able to acquire antibiotic resistance through conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) of a plasmid containing a transposon
  • often code some type of antibiotic resistance.
  • Beta-lactam antibiotics target penicillin-binding proteins.
  • prevents proper peptidoglycan and cell wall formation so that cells will eventually burst as the bacteria attempt to grow larger (3).
  • econd, some bacteria can produce a modified penicillin-binding protein that no longer actually binds the antibiotic which again prevents the desired effects of the antibiotic (3).
  • The spherical bacteria is gram-positive (contains a peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall) and forms colonies that grow in two planes
  • High replication rates coupled with the great ability of to perform horizontal gene transfer (especially through conjugation) allow bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance and to spread it quickly
  • Less than 20 years after the first strains of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be resistant to penicillin, 80% of all strains had acquired penicillin resistance.
  • The decision to fight MRSA in hospitals revolves around three basic questions. First, is MRSA that much worse than MSSA? Second, how effective can we be in reducing the spread of MRSA? Lastly, is fighting MRSA cost effective?
  • Type I was isolated in 1961 in the UK, Type II in 1982 in Japan, Type III in 1985 in New Zealand and finally Type V at the start of the 21st century in Australia
  • In a paper by Deurenberg et al. two theories establishing the relationship between the first MRSA strains and present day MRSA strains are proposed. The first is called the single-clone theory which states that all MRSA clones or present day strains have a common ancestor.
  • The second theory is called the multi-clone theory. This second theory suggests that SCCmec was introduced several times into different Staphylococcus aureus. According to the paper by Deurenberg et al. the multi-clone theory has received greater support recently and it is from this paper that Figure 3 was taken.
  • he new antibiotic treatment policies did not prove to be an effective way of fighting the spread of MRSA infections in hospitals. The introduction of alcohol hand gel for improved hand hygiene did however prove to be very effective in reducing the spread of MRSA.
  • here was a 30% decrease in the spread of MRSA in the hospital. In the intervention hospital the introduction of alcohol hand gel reduced the spread of MRSA by 21%
  • The decrease experienced in the intervention hospital was likely smaller than that compared to the control hospital because the prevention measures of environmental swabbing for MRSA as well as chlorine disinfection of environments contributed to a 32% decrease in the spread of MRSA and these measures were not taken in the control hospita
  • It is even likely that these synergistic treatments can be used on other bacterial infections that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics.
  • After concluding that fighting the spread of and treating MRSA properly is crucial, can we be effective in preventing the spread of MRSA in hospitals?
  • The continued development of resistance to more and more drugs makes the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections and especially MRSA infections is becoming increasingly difficult.
  • have provided great insight as to what direction the fight against MRSA will be heading in
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that naturally inhabits the skin and nose of humans. If the bacterium is able to enter the body (often through wounds or sores) it can cause a number of infections including those of the bloodstream which can become fatal.
  • quickly developed resistance to this antibiotic
  • hand hygiene in hospitals has been an effective way of decreasing the spread of MRSA in hospitals
  • Methicillin was first used to treat Staphylococcus aureus in 1959
  • Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical microbe and a member of the bacteria domain. This bacterium can be found naturally on the skin and in the mucus membranes of humans most importantly. In fact, Staphylococcus aureus can be found in the nostrils of up to 30% of people (1). The bacteria is spread most commonly through human contact be it hand-to-hand, from a wound secretion or mucus.
  • The majority of MRSA infections were wound infections (56.9%) with pneumonia cases being the second most common (21.0%). Potentially the most dangerous infection type, bloodstream infections accounted for 15.1% of the cases and urinary track infection accounted for 6.9%
  • Despite knowing that hospitals should prevent the spread of MRSA infections due to the risk of even further drug resistance over MSSA strains, and that hospitals can be effective in preventing the spread of MRSA infections, is it cost-effective for hospitals to implement the screening and isolation processes needed to fight the spread of MRSA (even though Staphylococcus aureus infections will undoubtedly occur in hospitals)? In other words, is the cost of hosting patients for longer periods of time, the costs associated with isolating patients
  • alcohol hand gel policy as well as environmental screening, chlorine disinfection and admission screening) to determine the relative effectiveness of these policies. The new antibiotic treatment policies did not prove to be an effective way of fighting the spread of MRSA infections in hospitals.
  • found in the nostrils of up to 30% of people
  • destinytaylor on 07 Sep 15
     
    signs and symptoms of mrsa
julia roush

Comparisons of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ... - 0 views

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC1489486

history of mrsa

shared by julia roush on 15 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen in healthcare facilities, but in the past decade, it has emerged as a problematic pathogen in the community setting as well.
  • MRSA was isolated from December 1, 2003, through May 31, 2004,
  • Skin and soft tissue were the most common infection sites for all MRSA patients
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • (MRSA) case was reported in the United Kingdom in 196
  • MRSA in the United States was described in 1968
  • MRSA infections newly identified in the microbiology laboratory at the UCDMC were collected from December 1, 2003, through May 31, 2004. None of these was obtained as a “screening” or “surveillance” culture for MRSA.
kogburn084

Preventing Nosocomial Spread of MRSA is in Your Hands: Infection Control of MRSA - 0 views

www.medscape.com/...466141_3

shared by kogburn084 on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Preventing Nosocomial Spread of MRSA is in Your Hands
  • Many investigators contend that limiting spread of MRSA depends on health care personnel using proper hand hygiene practices, contact isolation, and barrier precautions in the clinical setting
  • posting reminders and signs on patient rooms and hospital units, and offering educational programs for health care workers.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • Handrub using ethanol (Sterillium®); waterless, alcohol-based, antiseptic handrub solution used for 30 seconds.
  • Handwash using chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiscrub®); water-based, antiseptic handwashing soap used for 1 minut
  • ompared the effectiveness of three modes of different hand hygiene practice among health care workers:
  • Waterless, alcohol-based antiseptic gel handrub for 30 seconds.
  • The study showed that repeated handrubbing for 30 seconds with Sterillium was better tolerated than repeated handwashing with the antiseptic soap Hibiscrub during patient care.
  • There was greater compliance with the hand hygiene practice using the 30 second Sterillium handrubbing technique compared to the 1 minute handwashing technique with Hibiscrub.
denaehooks391

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - TN.Gov - 0 views

www.tennessee.gov/...mrsa

MRSA prevention infection tennessee diseases adults

shared by denaehooks391 on 02 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been increasing in the community and healthcare facilities.
  • can be severe and life threatening and are expensive.
  • state of Tennessee, cases of invasive MRSA have been reportable to the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH) since July 2004
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • July 1, 2010, certain facilities were asked to also report MRSA-positive blood cultures for inpatients facility-wide and for emergency departments
  • uly 2012, all hospitals (with the exception of critical access hospitals), regardless of average daily census (ADC), are required to report these events.
  • All hospitals, excluding critical access hospitals, regardless of ADC, all long-term acute care facilities (LTACS), and all Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities (IRFS)
kayanking

Community-Acquired and Healthcare-Associated MRS - 0 views

www.medscape.org/...544583

shared by kayanking on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)
  • community-acquired (CA-MRSA) and healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA)
  • increased mortality rate associated with MRSA
  • ...35 more annotations...
  • that has continued to grow now. It approaches 60% across the United States in many of the intensive care units (ICUs)
  • MRSA has progressed at an average rate of about 2% over the past couple of years.
  • prevalence of MRSA is highly globa
  • areas where prevalence is fairly low -- in the Netherlands less than 1% and in Canada 2.3%
  • 2 policies that both countries have
  • One is a strict search-and-destroy policy: patients from other countries and those with MRSA are isolated upon hospital admission until screening cultures for MRSA are proven negative. The second is a restrictive prescribing policy in which the defined daily dosage used per 1000 people per day in primary healthcare is around 8.9.
  • aureus was found to be the predominant pathogen in nosocomial skin and skin-structure infections
  • year 2000.
  • vancomycin, which is static, as well as some of the beta-lactamases
  • delay in appropriate treatment
  • resistant organisms lead to delays in appropriate treatment, and that delays in appropriate treatment lead to resistant organisms
  • Increased cost of MRSA
  • MRSA in the bloodstream costs about 3 times more and results in 3 times longer the length of stay
  • vancomycin has the FDA indications, with linezolid second. Daptomycin and tigecycline are approved for skin and skin-structure infections, but quinupristin-dalfopristin is not approved for complicated skin and skin-structure infections with MRSA.
  • ventilator-associated pneumonia due to MRSA
  • surgical patients with resistant gram-positive cocci showed a higher mortality rate and increased length of stay
  • we had hardly any incidence of MRSA in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in the United States
  • higher association with MRSA than with MSSA
  • fluoroquinolones, macrolides, previous hospitalizations, enteral feeds, surgery, and the length of stay before culture are independently associated with MRSA infections.
  • CA-MRSA infections
  • infections in the community usually manifest as skin infections, such as pimples and boils
  • occur in otherwise healthy people
  • HA-MRSA patients are in long-term care facilities, have comorbidities (such as diabetes), are on dialysis, have prolonged hospitalization, and are ICU patients
  • HA-MRSA is more multidrug resistant
  • In HA-MRSA, one sees nosocomial pneumonia, catheter-related urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and skin and skin-structure infections.
  • initially resulted from a recombination event, one involving the gene encoding in existing PBP and an inducible beta-lactamase gene.
  • In terms of microbiologic cure rates at the test-of-cure visit, linezolid was also superior to vancomycin.
  • Pharmacoeconomic analysis of this comparative trial in complicated skin and skin-structure infections showed that compared with vancomycin, linezolid reduced the length of stay and duration of IV treatment by about 2 days.
  • other studies have not found this similar association.
  • Vancomycin is IV only. It is more costly -- even as a generic, based on pharmacoeconomic data -- relative to linezolid.
  • Quinupristin-dalfopristin is IV only and may cause phlebitis, requiring central line placement.
  • Linezolid is relatively new; is more expensive (on an acquisition basis) compared with vancomycin; has reversible hematologic and, with long courses, neurologic effects; and has developed some resistance, mainly in enterococcal infections, with prolonged use and with failure to remove retained foreign bodies.
  • Daptomycin is IV only; quite new; has limited indications; is also expensive, compared with vancomycin; has a muscle effect requiring monitoring of creatine phosphokinase; is inactivated by surfactants, thus obviating its use in pulmonary infections; and to date has no pharmacoeconomic data.
  • Tigecycline is IV only, very new, and has a broader spectrum than any of the other agents in that it has some gram-negative activity
  • Dalbavancin is IV only, and we need to have the official data on safety, tolerance, efficacy, indication, and pharmacoeconomics, which will probably be available later this year.
taylordirks443

mrsa - Google Search - 0 views

www.google.com/webhp

shared by taylordirks443 on 03 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusBacteriaMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. WikipediaScientific name: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusHigher classification: Staphylococcus aureusRank: Strain
destinytaylor

The silent epidemic: CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA - 0 views

www.aaos.org/...research1.asp

MRSA Challenge1

shared by destinytaylor on 02 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • The CDC defines hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) in persons who have had frequent or recent contact with hospitals or healthcare facilities (such as nursing homes or dialysis centers) within the previous year, have recently undergone an invasive medical procedure, or are immunocompromised.
  • MRSA may be more easily transmitted when the following five Cs are present: Crowding frequent skin-to-skin Contact Compromised skin (cuts or abrasions) Contaminated items and surfaces lack of Cleanliness.
  • Locations where the five Cs are common include schools, dormitories, military barracks, households, correctional facilities, and daycare centers. C
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • 2005, admissions were triple the number in 2000 and 10-fold higher
  • In 2005 in th
  • e United
  • States alone, 368,600 hospital admissions for MRSA—including 94,000 invasive infections—resulted in 18,650 deaths.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  • infections was cellulitis and abscess,
  • Community outbreaks have been reported in sports teams, child care attendees, prison inmates, and diverse populations where habitation is relatively concentrated.
  • HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA have distinct clinical differences, both are transmitted in the same fashion—most frequently through direct skin-to-skin contact or contact with shared items or surfaces (such as towels or bandages) that have come into contact with someone else’s colonized or infected skin.
  • MRSA accounts for 60 percent of all staphylococcal infections.
  • Technological advances in screening, as well as prevention through vaccination, are being developed
  • 58 percent of MRSA infections originate in the community
  • death rate, length of stay, and cost of treating patients with MRSA are more than double other hospital admissions.
  • From 1999 through 2005, infections outside the lungs or blood tripled
  • MRSA has evolved unpredictable resistance and epidemiology patterns in response to decades of successful antibiotic treatments that have been prescribed in all environments and have saved millions of lives.
  • The most frequent primary diagnosis associated with other S aureus–related infections was cellulitis and abscess, followed by postoperative infection, infections from an implanted device (Fig. 1), or graft and osteomyelitis.
  • As MRSA spreads into hospitals from the community, current insurance company and proposed governmental policies that penalize the healthcare system may be inappropriate.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  • The number of MRSA fatalities in 2005 surpassed the number of fatalities from hurricane Katrina and AIDS combined and is substantially higher than fatalities at the peak of the U. S. polio epidemic.
  • MRSA infections that are acquired by persons who have not been recently (within the past year) hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis, surgery, catheters) are known as community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community outbreaks have been reported in sports teams, child care attendees, prison inmates, and diverse populations where habitation is relatively concentrated.
  • dianavillalpando on 08 Sep 14
     
    More info about MRSA and the definition.
  • Jasiel Sb on 03 Sep 15
     
    This Website Informs You Of What MRSA, The Statistics Of It And How You Get It
  • destinytaylor on 07 Sep 15
     
    yellow: signs and synmptoms blue: prevention inccubation period pink: the number of saved lives and deaths.
evuvuu

MRSA infection Symptoms - Mayo Clinic - 0 views

www.mayoclinic.org/...con-20024479

mrsa Challenge 1 Prevention infection

shared by evuvuu on 07 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Staph
    • kanderson956
      kanderson956 on 07 Sep 14
       
      MRSA is a type of staph infection
  • small red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites.
  • quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • surgical draining
  • burrow deep into the body
  • Do not attempt to treat an MRSA infection yourself. You could worsen it or spread it to others.
  • causing potentially life-threatening infections in bones, joints, surgical wounds, the bloodstream, heart valves and lungs.
  • Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children. If wounds become infected, see your doctor.
  • start as small red bumps that resemble pimples, boils or spider bites. These can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses that require surgical draining. Sometimes the bacteria remain confined to the skin.
  • Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children. If wounds become infected, see your doctor. Do not attempt to treat an MRSA infection yourself. You could worsen it or spread it to others.
  • area might be:
  • Staph skin infections, including MRSA, generally start as swollen, painful red bumps that might resemble pimples or spider bites
  • Warm to the touch Full of pus or other drainage Accompanied by a fever
  • Keep an eye on minor skin problems — pimples, insect bites, cuts and scrapes — especially in children.
  • wounds appear infected or are accompanied by a fever, see your doctor.
  • kanderson956 on 07 Sep 14
     
    Symptoms
  • taliyahcarter845 on 06 Sep 15
     
    When you get mrsa
dianavillalpando

Healthcare-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or HA-MRSA - 0 views

infectiousdiseases.about.com/...HA-MRSA.htm

MRSA HSA Challenge1 deflitch

shared by dianavillalpando on 06 Sep 14 - No Cached
  • Healthcare-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or HA-MRSA, is a potentially deadly strain of Staph aureus that is resistant to several antibiotics. This superbug has been appearing more and more in hospitals and other healthcare settings, representing a growing public health problem in the United States.
  • While these patients are the most common source of the bacteria, transmission occurs when healthcare workers’ hands touch other patients who are HA-MRSA carriers
  • Other sources of transmission in healthcare settings include open wounds, catheters, or breathing tubes.
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Who’s at risk?
  • where patients undergo invasive medical procedures or have weakened immune systems.
  • HA-MRSA infections may include surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia
  • kin infection may appear as a red, swollen, painful area on the skin.
  • orm of an abscess, boil, or pus-filled lesion,
  • accompanied by fever and warmth
  • life-threatening, especially without treatment.
  • More serious HA-MRSA infections have symptoms that include chest pain, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and rash.
  • Antibiotics (not including methicillin) are usually the first choice
  • More serious infections may require hospitalization, during which treatments may include intravenous fluids and medication, kidney dialysis (in case of kidney failure) and oxygen therapy (increasing oxygen supply to the lungs).
  • Prevention: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water
  • How it causes disease:
  • Staph aureus sticks to different kinds of tissue within the body and has ways of evading the immune response
  • Many symptoms of Staph aureus infections occur as a result of tissue destruction by bacterial enzymes. For example, Staph aureus produces toxins, known as superantigens, that can induce septic shock.
  • In hospital settings, Staph aureus can form a slimy material, called a biofilm, on certain solid surfaces (catheters and prosthetic devices); the biofilm serves as a protective barrier against the immune system and antimicrobial agents.
  • dianavillalpando on 10 Sep 14
     
    HSA MRSA
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