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How flu spreads

How serious is the flu?

Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes.

While seasonal influenza outbreaks can happen as early as October, most of the time influenza activity peaks in January or later. Since it takes about two weeks after vaccination for antibodies to develop in the body that protect against influenza virus infection, it is best that people get vaccinated so they are protected before influenza begins spreading in their community.

contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.

contagious respiratory illness

nfluenza and its complications can be deadly.

Young children Older adults Pregnant women People with weakened immune systems People who have chronic illnesses

People at higher risk of developing flu complications include: Young children under 5, and especially those under 2 years Adults older than 65 Residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities Pregnant women People with weakened immune systems People who have chronic illnesses, such as asthma, heart disease, kidney disease and diabetes People who are very obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher

Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is not the same as stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.

For most people, influenza resolves on its own, but sometimes,

People at higher risk of developing flu complications include: Young children under 5, and especially those under 2 years Adults older than 65 Residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities Pregnant women People with weakened immune systems People who have chronic illnesses, such as asthma, heart disease, kidney disease and diabetes People who are very obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher

flu season runs from October to May

The vaccine prevents against infection from the flu viruses that researchers predict will be most common in the upcoming year

most cases occurring between late December and early March

For a severely ill child or one with other special circumstances, a doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine that can decrease the duration of illness by 1-2 days and prevent potential complications of the flu

drink lots of fluids to prevent dehydration get plenty of sleep and take it easy take acetaminophen or ibuprofen to relieve fever and aches (do not give aspirin to children or teens as it may cause a rare but serious illness called Reye syndrome) wear layers, since the flu often makes them cold one minute and hot the next (wearing layers — like a T-shirt, sweatshirt, and robe — makes it easy to add or subtract clothes as needed)

Given as an injection, the flu shot contains killed flu viruses that will not cause the flu, but will prepare the body to fight off infection from that particular type of live flu virus if someone comes into contact with it.

Symptoms, which usually begin about 2 days after exposure to the virus, can include: fever chills headache muscle aches dizziness loss of appetite tiredness cough sore throat runny nose nausea or vomiting weakness ear pain diarrhe

all kids 6 months through 4 years old anyone 65 years and older all women who are pregnant, are considering pregnancy, have recently given birth, or are breastfeeding during flu season anyone whose immune system is weakened from medications or illnesses (like HIV infection) residents of long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes any adult or child with chronic medical conditions, such as asthma kids or teens who take aspirin regularly and are at risk for developing Reye syndrome if they get the flu all health care personnel caregivers or household contacts of anyone in a high-risk group (like children younger than 5 years old, especially those younger than 6 months, and those with high-risk conditions) Native Americans and Alaskan natives

The nasal mist contains weakened live flu viruses that cannot cause the severe symptoms typically associated with the flu, but can cause some mild symptoms

If an antiviral medication is prescribed, be sure to discuss any possible side effects with your doctor.

Kids who are sick should stay home from school and childcare until they are without fever for at least 24 hours without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.

So to have the best protection against the flu, it's important to get the vaccine every year.

It is given in places like hospitals, clinics, community centers, pharmacies, doctor's offices, and schools

infants under 6 months old anyone who's ever had a severe reaction to a flu vaccination anyone with Guillain-Barré syndrome (a rare condition that affects the immune system and nerves)

After 5 days, fever and other symptoms have usually disappeared, but a cough and weakness may continue

Call the doctor if your child:

has flu symptoms has a high fever, or fever with a rash has trouble breathing or rapid breathing has bluish skin color is not drinking enough fluids seems very sleepy or lethargic seems confused has flu symptoms that get better, but then get worse

All symptoms are usually gone within a week or two

The flu is contagious, spread by virus-infected droplets that are coughed or sneezed into the air

The flu usually occurs in small outbreaks, but epidemics — when the illness spreads rapidly and affects many people in an area at the same time — tend to occur every few years. Epidemics often peak within 2 or 3 weeks after the first cases occur.

Preventing the Flu From Spreading There's no guaranteed way — including being vaccinated — to prevent anyone from getting the flu

Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently with soap, especially after using the bathroom, after coughing or sneezing, and before eating. Never pick up used tissues. Never share cups and eating utensils. Stay home from work or school when you're sick with the flu. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then put it in the trash. If a tissue isn't available, cough or sneeze into your upper arm, not into your hands.

Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring

Some of the complications caused by flu include bacterial pneumonia, dehydration, and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes. Children may get sinus problems and ear infections.

more severe and last longer than those of the cold.

Recovery takes about one to two weeks. Influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill.

Most people who get influenza will recover in one to two weeks, but others will develop life-threatening complications (such as pneumonia). Millions of people in the United States (about 10% to 20% of U.S. residents) are infected with influenza each year.

influenza A

Influenza is an extremely variable disease; similar viruses are found in pigs and domestic fowl.

It is possible to get vaccinated against influenza

People at high risk for complications from the flu; People 65 years and older; People who live in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities that house those with long-term illnesses; Adults and children 6 months and older with chronic heart or lung conditions, including asthma; Adults and children 6 months and older who needed regular medical care or were in a hospital during the previous year because of a metabolic disease (like diabetes), chronic kidney disease, or weakened immune system (including immune system problems caused by medicines or by infection with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV/AIDS]); Children 6 months to 18 years of age who are on long-term aspirin therapy. (Children given aspirin while they have influenza are at risk of Reye syndrome.); Women who will be pregnant during the influenza season; and All children 6 to 23 months of age.

There are some people who should not be vaccinated. This includes: People who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs. People who have had a severe reaction to an influenza vaccination in the past. People who developed Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks of getting an influenza vaccine previously.

Children less

People who are sick with a fever. (These people can get vaccinated once their symptoms lessen.)

Disease outbreaks occur most frequently in domestic fowl and turkeys. A particular isolate may produce severe disease in turkeys but not in chickens or any other avian species. Therefore, it would be impossible to generalize on the host range for avian influenza, for it will likely vary with the isolate. This assumption is supported by reports of farm outbreaks where only a single avian species of several species present on the farm became infected. Many species of wild birds particularly water birds and seabirds - are also susceptible, but infections in these birds are generally sub-clinical.

athogenic strains could emerge and cause disease in domestic poultry in any country at any time without warning. In fact, outbreaks have occurred at irregular intervals on all continents.

he most serious outbreaks in recent times have been reported in Hong Kong 1997-1998 and 2003, Chile 2002, The Netherlands 2003 and South East Asia 2004-2006.

he incubation period is 3 to 5 days in general but may be longer. Maximal incubation period is 21 days as defined by the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

Inactivated quality assured oil-emulsion vaccines have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing mortality, preventing disease, or both, in chickens and turkeys. These vaccines, however, may not prevent infection in some individual birds, and if infected could shed virulent virus. Nevertheless, the amount virus shed is considerable less than that of non-vaccinated and infected birds. It is imperative that the circulating antigenic avian influenza virus is known and the vaccine represent this antigenic strain, since there is no cross-protection among the 15 known HA subtypes.

Birds that die of peracute disease may show minimal gross lesions, consisting of dehydration and congestion of viscera and muscles.

The following diseases must be considered in the differential diagnosis of virulent AI: Other diseases causing sudden high mortality Newcastle disease infectious laryngotracheitis duck plague acute poisonings

The most effective way to prevent influenza is by getting the influenza vaccine (the flu shot or flu nasal spray) and using simple infection control measures such as hand washing. Antiviral medicines can also help prevent infection if you are exposed to the flu.

 Because the influenza virus changes (or "mutates") slightly from year to year, you need a new influenza vaccine before each flu season. People should get the flu vaccine soon after it has become available to get the most benefit.

People who are vaccinated form antibodies (proteins), which destroy the influenza virus after the person is exposed. It generally takes about two weeks to make these antibodies.

Vaccine formulations — The flu vaccine is available in three forms in the United States, as an injection into the muscle, as an injection into the skin, and as a nasal spray

The injection of the flu vaccine into the muscle (regular flu shot) is approved for adults and children 6 months and older. In older adults, a high-dose version of this vaccine works a little better than the standard-dose version;

The injection of flu vaccine into the skin in what is called an intradermal injection is approved for adults aged 18 to 64 years.

The nasal spray is approved only for healthy children age 2 years and older and healthy adults up to 49 years. In 2014, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the nasal spray instead of the regular flu shot for healthy children 2 to 8 years of age when it is immediately available.

Vaccine side effects — People who get the vaccine as an injection (either into muscle or skin) can have reactions at the injection site. Intramuscular injections can cause redness, swelling, and/or soreness at the site. Intradermal injections can cause redness, swelling, and/or itching. The high-dose intramuscular vaccine and the intradermal vaccine are more likely to cause local reactions than the standard-dose intramuscular vaccine

Antiviral medicines can help to reduce the chances of developing the flu after being exposed to someone who is infected. These medicines can also be used in certain people who are at risk for developing complications from the flu and who cannot receive the flu vaccine.

INFLUENZA VACCINE

Children 0-4 years of age have the second-highest hospitalization rate this season.

Symptoms of influenza infection include fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headache, fatigue (tiredness), and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea (more common in children than adults).

The United States experiences epidemics of seasonal flu each year. This time of year is called "flu season." While influenza activity has declined in recent weeks and the flu season is coming to a close, most of CDC’s influenza surveillance systems still show elevated activity.

There are several factors that make it difficult to determine accurate numbers of deaths caused by flu regardless of reporting.

he timi

Flu viruses are constantly changing and it's not unusual for new seasonal flu viruses to appear each year.

When viruses change in that way, they are said to be “drifted” viruses.

the sheer volume of deaths to be counted; not everyone that dies with an influenza-like illness is tested for influenza; and influenza-associated deaths are often a result of complications secondary to underlying medical problems, and this may be difficult to sort out.

g of flu

s very unpredictable and can vary in different parts of the country and from season to season

However, seasonal flu activity can begin as early as October and continue to occur as late as May.

CDC recommends a yearly flu vaccine(http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/index.htm) for everyone 6 months of age and older as the first and most important step in protecting against this serious disease.

In addition to getting a seasonal flu vaccine if you have not already gotten vaccinated, you can take everyday preventive actions(http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/habits/index.htm) like staying away from sick people and washing your hands to reduce the spread of germs. If you are sick with flu, stay home from work or school to prevent spreading flu to others.

A number of different manufacturers produce trivalent (three component) influenza vaccines for the U.S. market, including intramuscular (IM), intradermal, and nasal spray vaccines.

Multiple studies conducted over different seasons and across vaccine types and influenza virus subtypes have shown that the body’s immunity to influenza viruses (acquired either through natural infection or vaccination) declines over time.

Yes. It’s possible to get sick with the flu even if you have been vaccinated (although you won’t know for sure unless you get a flu test). This is possible for the following reasons:

You may be exposed to a flu virus shortly before getting vaccinated or during the period that it takes the body to gain protection after getting vaccinated. This exposure may result in you becoming ill with flu before the vaccine begins to protect you. (About 2 weeks after vaccination, antibodies that provide protection develop in the body.) You may be exposed to a flu virus that is not included in the seasonal flu vaccine. There are many different flu viruses that circulate every year. The flu vaccine is made to protect against the three or four flu viruses that research suggests will be most common. Unfortunately, some people can become infected with a flu virus the flu vaccine is designed to protect against, despite getting vaccinated. Protection provided by flu vaccination can vary widely, based in part on health and age factors of the person getting vaccinated. In general, the flu vaccine works best among healthy younger adults and older children. Some older people and people with certain chronic illnesses may develop less immunity after vaccination. Flu vaccination is not a perfect tool, but it is the best way to protect against flu infection.

C infection usually causes either a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all

Efforts to control the impact of influenza are aimed at types A an

Influenza viruses continually change over time, usually by mutation

A host infected with influenza virus develops antibodies against that virus; as the virus changes, the "first" antibody no longer recognizes the "newer" virus and infection can occur because the host does not recognize the new flu virus as a problem until the infection is well under way.

Type A viruses are divided into subtypes or strains based on differences in two viral surface proteins called the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N)

weak initial response to infection with the H1N1 flu strain.

"There was a massive infiltration of immune cells to the lungs and a massive inflammatory response, which led to bleeding and damage in the lung," Hamilton said.

esearchers exposed pregnant mice either to clean water or to water contaminated with 100 ppb of inorganic arsenic; after birth, the pups were given the same type of drinking water as their mothers. A week after birth, some of the pups were deliberately exposed to H3N1 influenza.

"This is a great study that advances the field,"

"We would like to combine arsenic exposure with repeated bacterial and viral infections to model the development of bronchiectasis throughout life," researcher Kathryn Ramsey said.

arsenic plays so much havoc with the immune system is its large-scale disruption of numerous hormone pathways.

Each year's seasonal flu vaccine contains protection from the three influenza viruses that are expected to be the most common during that year's flu season. The vaccine is typically available as an injection or as a nasal spray.

Avoid crowds

Flu spreads easily wherever people congregate — in child care centers, schools, office buildings, auditoriums and public transportation

flu vaccination

he best way to protect against influenza is to receive an influenza vaccination e

very year.

Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring.

Common symptoms include a high fever (101ºF-102ºF) that begins suddenly, muscle/body aches, chills, tiredness, and sudden onset. Influenza frequently causes people to miss school and work but in some cases there are severe complications such as pneumonia

ommon symptoms include a high fever (101ºF-102ºF) that begins suddenly, muscle/body aches, chills, tiredness, and sudden onset. Influenza frequently causes people to miss school and work but in some cases there are severe complications such as pneumonia.

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nfluenza is a highly contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs that occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring. It is a serious infection that affects between 5-20% of the US population annually. Each year, more than 200,000 individuals are hospitalized and 3,000-49,000 deaths occur from influenza-related complications. 

everyone six months of age and older receive an annual vaccination.

early fall, as soon as the vaccine is available.

January or later, is still beneficia

happen as early as October, but most of the time flu activity peaks between December and February

Antigenic diversity of the virus and constant influx of new subtypes allow the virus to become resistant to these antiviral drugs and evade vaccines. There is therefore a continuing need for new anti-influenza therapeutics using novel targets and creative strategies.

An aggressive immune response known as the cytokine storm plays an important role in causing significant tissue injury and mortality following human pathogenic influenza virus

bacterial infections in the lungGSK starts shipping FLUARIX

infection

most vaccine formulations for influenza are still produced by rather old-fashioned techniques that have been in use for over 60 years. Such methods involve the growth and passaging of the vaccine strains in embryonated chicken eggs, therefore production and subsequent formulation can take several months and rely

also known as the flu

severe illness, and at times can lead to death.

Both type A and type B flu viruses are responsible for the seasonal outbreaks of flu. Type A flu viruses are found in many different animals,

If you develop flu-like symptoms and are concerned about your illness, especially if you are at high risk for complications of the flu, you should consult your health care provider. Those at high risk for complications include people 65 years or older, people with chronic medical conditions, pregnant women, and young children.

Antiviral drugs may also be prescribed for treating the flu, depending upon the duration of illness, severity of symptoms, and your medical history.

Yearly immunization with the inactivated influenza vaccine(What is a PDF document?) (flu shot) or the nasal spray flu vaccine(What is a PDF document?) prevents flu infection and its complications in most people.

Yearly immunization with the inactivated influenza vaccine(What is a PDF document?) (flu shot) or the nasal spray flu vaccine(What is a PDF document?) prevents flu infection and its complications in most people.

Have heart disease.

Have diabetes or kidney disease.Have a disease or take a medicine that causes problems with your immune system.

Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses(http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/index.htm). It can cause mild to severe illness. Serious outcomes of flu infection can result in hospitalization or death. Some people, such as older people, young children, and people with certain health conditions(http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/high_risk.htm), are at high risk for serious flu complications. The best way to prevent the flu is by getting vaccinated each year.

If soap and water are not available,

Most healthy adults may be able to infect other people beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Children may pass the virus for longer than 7 days. Symptoms start 1 to 4 days after the virus enters the body.

To avoid this, people should stay away from sick people and stay home if sick.

Linens, eating utensils, and dishes belonging to those who are sick should not be shared without washing thoroughly first. Eating utensils can be washed either in a dishwasher or by hand with water and soap and do not need to be cleaned separately. Further, frequently touched surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected at home, work and school, especially if someone is ill.

use an alcohol-based hand rub.

Most healthy adults may be able to infect other people beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Children may pass the virus for longer than 7 days. Symptoms start 1 to 4 days after the virus enters the body. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick. Some people can be infected with the flu virus but have no symptoms. During this time, those persons may still spread the virus to others.