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bruise-like purple blotches, called buboes, on the victim's skin. It is from this word, buboe, that the bubonic plague takes its name. The hemorrhaging causes an intoxication of the nervous system, which produces neurological and psychological disorders, including insomnia, delirium, and stupor

Septicaemic plague is, like the bubonic plague, carried by insects. Its distinguishing feature is its rapidity - death occurs within a day of infection, even before buboes have had time to form. This form of the plague is the rarest rare, but is almost always fatal

victims suffer a sharp drop in body temperature, which is followed by sever coughing and discharge of a bloody sputum

airborne transmission.

None of these plagues are native to Europe.

bacteria normally resides in Central Asia, Yunan China, Arabia, East Africa, and limited areas of Iran and Libya.

Their spread to Europe from these areas has always been through global commerce - trade which carried with it plague- bearing rats and fleas.

From China, the plague is known to have been carried along the Silk Road into Central Asia, where there are records of outbreaks in 1339.

The Mongols were traders and herdsmen

The Felt Tent People because their homes were round tents made of felt.

They did not live in towns. The Mongols were nomads. They traveled in small groups composed of perhaps only two or three families.

Fall of the Roman Empire

Public Health

Decline in Morals and Values

Political Corruption

Unemployment

Inflation

Urban decay

THE FINAL BLOWS For years, the well-disciplined Roman army held the barbarians of Germany back. Then in the third century A. D. the Roman soldiers were pulled back from the Rhine-Danube frontier to fight civil war in Italy. This left the Roman border open to attack. Gradually Germanic hunters and herders from the north began to overtake Roman lands in Greece and Gaul (later France). Then in 476 A. D. the Germanic general Odacer or Odovacar overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors, Augustulus Romulus. From then on the western part of the Empire was ruled by Germanic chieftain. Roads and bridges were left in disrepair and fields left untilled. Pirates and bandits made travel unsafe. Cities could not be maintained without goods from the farms, trade and business began to disappear. And Rome was no more in the West. The total fall of the Roman empire.

Inferior Technology

Military Spending

most difficult problems

choosing

new emperor

new emperor

empero

never

created

effective system

determine

new emperors

began

selling

throne to

highest bidder

37 different emperors

assinatio

25 of whom

The Romans had existed as an important power for over 1000 years

They had brought stability, prosperity, and order to the civilised West

Roman law kept the internal peace and 20 to 30 Roman legions defended the frontiers.

Emperors held absolute authorit

but incompetent ones could do great harm

The rules for succession to the throne were never clear, and debilitating civil wars often resulted.

in the hands of a minority while a large slave population did most of the work.

Roman conquests had ceased in the second century A.D., bringing an end to massive inflows of plunder and slaves

A plague may have killed 20 percent of the empire's population in the third and fourth centuries, further reducing trade and production.

late third century, the Roman Empire was split into eastern and western halves in an attempt to make for easier rule and better contro

323 Constantine became emperor after a civil war and established his eastern capital at Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.

eastern and western parts of the empire gradually established separate identities, although nominally the same empire

These identities were partially due to the different pressures brought to bear on them from the outside and the local culture.

1000 AD, some of the Vikings settled in northern France,

Slavery was established in China by at least the Shang dynasty, at which point it has been estimated that about 5 percent of the population was enslaved.[5]

Deriving from earlier Legalist laws, the Han dynasty set in place rules that the property of and families of criminals doing three years of hard labor or sentenced to castration were to have their families seized and kept as property by the government.

As part of his land reform laws, Wang Mang either abolished all slavery[1] or trade in slaves.[citation needed] The swift collapse of his dynasty led to the restoration of both.

invented the telescope using two lenses and a lead pipe.

realized that the solar system was heliocentric, and was promptly persecuted for it by the Church.

found that the milky way was not a light in the sky but a cloud made of many nebulas and stars

first person to create laws about inertia and gravity

first to discover sunspots and he also discovered many stars

study other sciences, like math, medicine, and poetry.

Greece was the 2nd largest foreign investor of capital in Albania, the 3rd in Bulgaria, in the top-three in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

world's first democratic governments.

common language, religion, and culture bound the people together.

stressed the importance of the individual and encouraged creative thought

created new forms of expression, which explored human personalities and emotions.

The Greeks usually fortified a hill, called an acropolis,

within the city for defense.

Ancient Greece lacked adequate farmland, rainfall, and water for irrigation, and so crop production was limited. The mountains provided huge amounts of limestone and marble for building construction and clay for making bricks and pottery. But Greece had few other mineral deposits. Timber was plentiful at first. However, it became increasingly scarce as the people cut down many trees without replanting the forests.

depend on overseas trade for needed goods.

Only citizens could own land and take part in government. Noncitizens consisted of women, slaves, and serfs. Unlike slaves, serfs were not considered personal property.