The context into where a student learned knowledge was helpful, but not seen as a key component as it is today.
Teaching from books instead of everyday life assumes that the knowledge within the book is self-contained. Dictionaries are most useful to an experienced reader who refers to them with a specific context already in mind.
Similarly, the message of a newscast are not the news stories
themselves, but a change in the public attitude towards crime, or the
creation of a climate of fear.
a medium is "any extension of
ourselves." Classically, he suggests that a hammer extends our arm
and that the wheel extends our legs and feet.
Similarly, the medium of language
extends our thoughts from within our mind out to others
growing medium, like
the fertile potting soil into which a seed is planted, or the agar in a
Petri dish
We can know
the nature and characteristics of anything we conceive or create (medium)
by virtue of the changes - often unnoticed and non-obvious changes - that
they effect (message.)
Consider peer-to-peer networking as just one example, where the tasks are distributed among the group to form a whole. It’s practically a metaphor for the human mind. Or a township. Or a government. Or a family.
mportant questions about the ways in which learning complex systems can be assisted by making use of the same technological environments that give rise to the learning need
However, the specific suggestion we address here is that vicarious learning is a distinct idea that may have its own implications, particularly for distance learners and others whose access to normal learning dialogue is limited.
Vicarious learning accordingly arises in situations where a learning experience is witnessed and reacted to as a learning experience by another learner.
This is a clear example of vicarious learning where the focus of the learning episode is some cognitive skill or understanding
The Answer Garden (Ackerman & Malone, 1990) and Answer Web (Slater, 1993) are computer-based learning systems based on networks of questions that have been asked by learners and answered by experts, allowing future learners simply to access these exchanges and thus to learn vicariously.
In general, we may regard a perceptual experience as an
informational state of the subject: it has a certain
content -- the world is represented a certain way
-- and hence it permits of a non-derivative classification as
true or false. For an internal state to be so
regarded, it must have appropriate connections with behaviour
-- it must have a certain motive force upon the actions of
the subject.... The informational states which a subject acquires
through perception are non-conceptual, or
nonconceptualised. Judgements based upon such
states necessarily involve conceptualisation.
The central idea behind the theory of nonconceptual mental content is
that some mental states can represent the world even though the bearer
of those mental states need not possess the concepts required to
specify their content.
foreign intervention is less desirable than autonomous growth and innovation
M-Pesa (“mobile money” in Swahili) is a Kenyan mobile phone service which allows people to pay or transfer money to any other mobile phone user. It came about to meet the needs of a population poorly served by traditional banking services, before spreading throughout Africa, and is now among the most advanced mobile payment systems in the world. It’s different from your typical money transfer, because it doesn’t rely on bank accounts
Today, over 50% of adult Kenyans use the service to transfer money and pay for bills and even shopping
At first, the internet made the world more global; now, the internet itself is becoming more local. The various fora and message boards serve as increasingly rich archives of dialogues – where a problem has been solved once, that solution can be sought by anyone
Anyone with access to Google can leverage the collective wisdom of the masses
he advent of cloud computing and crowd-sourcing means that individuals can now create and distribute their own educational content with little to no overhead
Udemy is one such platform, enabling educational content to be sourced from individuals rather than publishing houses (though a number of publishers do use the platform). Anyone can upload a lesson, and anyone can take a lesson
These platforms, which empower the individual, are significant because they enable highly local, highly specific learning content
While publishing houses need to generalise their content and target the largest audience, an individual is under no such imperative.
it becomes more and more feasible for anyone, anywhere to share their knowledge
it’s not poorer nations that benefit from the benevolence of richer ones – rather, the transaction becomes more individual
One person, anywhere, can learn, and can teach, another person. That person can be their neighbour or someone on the other side of the planet. And if the concept of reverse innovation shows anything, it’s that the East can teach the West a thing or two.