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However, the specific suggestion we address here is that vicarious learning is a distinct idea that may have its own implications, particularly for distance learners and others whose access to normal learning dialogue is limited.

Vicarious learning accordingly arises in situations where a learning experience is witnessed and reacted to as a learning experience by another learner.

This is a clear example of vicarious learning where the focus of the learning episode is some cognitive skill or understanding

Grounded design is "the systematic implementation of processes and procedures that are rooted in established theory and research in human learning (Hannafin, Hannafin, Land, & Oliver, 1997, p.102)." Four conditions are basic to grounded design: designs must be rooted in a defensible theoretical framework methods must be consistent with the outcome of research conducted to test, validate, or extend the theories upon which they are based designs must be generalizable to situations beyond the unique conditions in which they are being utilized grounded designs and their frameworks must be validated iteratively through successive implementation