ErgodicPNT

M. Anshel and D. Goldfeld, "Zeta Functions, One-Way Functions, and Pseudorandom Number Generators", Duke Mathematical Journal, Vol. 88 No. 2 (1997) 371-390. "In 1997,Anshel and Goldfeld [6],presented an explicit construction of a pseudorandom number generator arising from an elliptic curve,which can be effectively computed at low computational cost. They introduced a new intractable problem,distinct from integer factorization or the discrete log problem, that leads to a new class of one-way functions based on the theory of zeta functions,and against which there is no known attack."- Richard M. Mollin,"Introduction to Cryptography" CRC Press (2000)

For instance, the question of whether is equidistributed mod 1 is an old unsolved problem, equivalent to asking whether is normal base 10.

For instance, the question of whether is equidistributed mod 1 is an old unsolved problem, equivalent to asking whether is normal base 10.

[Incidentally, regarding the interactions between physics and number theory: physical intuition has proven to be quite useful in making accurate predictions about many mathematical objects, such as the distribution of zeroes of the Riemann zeta function, but has been significantly less useful in generating rigorous proofs of these predictions. In number theory, our ability to make accurate predictions on anything relating to the primes (or related objects) is now remarkably good, but our ability to actually prove these predictions rigorously lags behind quite significantly. So I doubt that the key to further rigorous progress on these problems lies with physics.]

We show that the Mobius function mu(n) is strongly asymptotically orthogonal to any polynomial nilsequence n -> F(g(n)L). Here, G is a simply-connected nilpotent Lie group with a discrete and cocompact subgroup L (so G/L is a nilmanifold), g : Z -> G is a polynomial sequence and F: G/L -> R is a Lipschitz function. More precisely, we show that the inner product of mu(n) with F(g(n)L) over {1,...,N} is bounded by 1/log^A N, for all A > 0. In particular, this implies the Mobius and Nilsequence conjecture MN(s) from our earlier paper ``Linear equations in primes'' for every positive integer s. This is one of two major ingredients in our programme, outlined in that paper, to establish a large number of cases of the generalised Hardy-Littlewood conjecture, which predicts how often a collection \psi_1,...,\psi_t : Z^d -> Z of linear forms all take prime values. The proof is a relatively quick application of the results in our recent companion paper on the distribution of polynomial orbits on nilmanifolds. We give some applications of our main theorem. We show, for example, that the Mobius function is uncorrelated with any bracket polynomial. We also obtain a result about the distribution of nilsequences n -> a^nxL as n ranges only over the primes.

There is an amusing way to interpret the conjecture (using the close relationship between nilsequences and bracket polynomials) as an assertion of the pseudorandomness of the Liouville function from a computational complexity perspective.   

We verify a very recent conjecture of Farmer and Rhoades on the asymptotic rate of growth of the derivatives of the Riemann xi function at . We give two separate proofs of this result, with the more general method not restricted to . We briefly describe other approaches to our results, give a heuristic argument, and mention supporting numerical evidence.

这里，简单说几句关于中国人合作中的钱和感情的问题。

Abstract. We study different ways of determining the mean distance rn between a reference point and its nth neighbour among random points distributed with uniform density in a D-dimensional Euclidean space. First, we present a heuristic method; though this method provides only a crude mathematical result, it shows a simple way of estimating rn. Next, we describe two alternative means of deriving the exact expression of rn: we review the method using absolute probability and develop an alternative method using conditional probability. Finally, we obtain an approximation to rn from the mean volume between the reference point and its nth neighbour and compare it with the heuristic and exact results.

Abstract. The paper study counter-dependent pseudorandom number generators based on m-variate (m> 1) ergodic mappings of the space of 2-adic integers Z2. The sequence of internal states of these generators is defined by the recurrence law xi+1 = H B i (xi) mod 2 n, whereas their output sequence is zi = F B i (xi) mod 2 n; here xj, zj are m-dimensional vectors over Z2. It is shown how the results obtained for a univariate case could be extended to a multivariate case. 1.

Foundations of Cryptography. Basic Tools. Cambridge Univ – Goldreich - 2001

129 Uniform distribution of sequences – Kuipers, Niederreiter - 1974

ContentsPart I. Preliminaries, Examples and Motivations: 1. Finite Markov chains; 2. Two basic examples on Abelian groups; Part II. Representation Theory and Gelfand Pairs: 3. Basic representation theory of finite groups; 4. Finite Gelfand pairs; 5. Distance regular graphs and the Hamming scheme; 6. The Johnson Scheme and the Laplace-Bernoulli diffusion model; 7. The ultrametric space; Part III. Advanced theory: 8. Posets and the q−analogs; 9. Complements on representation theory; 10. Basic representation theory of the symmetric group; 11. The Gelfand Pair (S2n, S2 o Sn) and random matchings; Appendix 1. The discrete trigonometric transforms; Appendix 2. Solutions of the exercises; Bibliography; Index.

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Abstract  The pointwise ergodic theorem is proved for prime powers for functions inL p,p>1. This extends a result of Bourgain where he proved a similar theorem forp>(1+√3)/2.

Among the modern methods used to study prime numbers, the ‘sieve’ has been one of the most efficient. Originally conceived by Linnik in 1941, the ‘large sieve’ has developed extensively since the 1960s, with a recent realisation that the underlying principles were capable of applications going well beyond prime number theory. This book develops a general form of sieve inequality, and describes its varied applications, including the study of families of zeta functions of algebraic curves over finite fields; arithmetic properties of characteristic polynomials of random unimodular matrices; homological properties of random 3-manifolds; and the average number of primes dividing the denominators of rational points on elliptic curves. Also covered in detail are the tools of harmonic analysis used to implement the forms of the large sieve inequality, including the Riemann Hypothesis over finite fields, and Property (T) or Property (tau) for discrete groups.• Explores new and surprising applications of the large sieve method, an important technique of analytic number theory • Presents applications in fields as wide ranging as topology, probability, arithmetic geometry and discrete group theory • Motivated, clear and self-contained discussions introduce readers to a technique previously confined to one fieldContentsPreface; Prerequisites and notation; 1. Introduction; 2. The principle of the large sieve; 3. Group and conjugacy sieves; 4. Elementary and classical examples; 5. Degrees of representations of finite groups; 6. Probabilistic sieves; 7. Sieving in discrete groups; 8. Sieving for Frobenius over finite fields; Appendix A. Small sieves; Appendix B. Local density computations over finite fields; Appendix C. Representation theory; Appendix D. Property (T) and Property (τ); Appendix E. Linear algebraic groups; Appendix F. Probability theory and random walks; Appendix G. Sums of multiplicative functions; Appendix H. Topology; Bibliography; Index.

Abstract: Under what conditions do the (possibly complex) coefficients of a general Dirichlet series exhibit oscillatory behavior? In this work we invoke Laguerre's Rule of Signs and Landau's Theorem to provide a rather simple answer to this question. Furthermore, we explain how our result easily applies to a multitude of functions.

Roth’s theorem on progressions revisited

The analytic theory of algebraic numbers H. M. Stark Source: Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. Volume 81, Number 6 (1975), 961-972. Primary Subjects: 12–02, 12A50, 12A70 Full-text: Access granted (open access) PDF File (1009 KB)

We show that if A is a subset of Z_4^n containing no three term arithmetic progression in which all the elements are distinct then |A|=o(4^n/n).

wo researchers from the University of Bristol exhibited the first example of a third degree transcendental L-function.

"This work was made possible by a combination of theoretical advances and the power of modern computers." During his lecture, Bian reported that it took approximately 10,000 hours of computer time to produce his initial results.

A new mathematical object, an elusive cousin of the Riemann zeta-function, was revealed to great acclaim recently at the American Institute of Mathematics. Ce Bian and Andrew Booker from the University of Bristol showed the first example of a third degree transcendental L-function.

Functional equations shed light on the properties of those functions that satisfy them, and for L-functions F(s) the functional equation is:   where q is an integer called the level, d is the degree, and the numbers  are Langland's parameters. is an analytic continuation of the factorial function  that is valid not only for integers but all complex numbers. There are two types of L-functions: algebraic and transcendental. These are classified according to their degree. If the Langland's parameters are rational or algebraic (that is, are complex numbers that are roots of non-zero polynomials with rational coefficients), then the L-function is algebraic. If these numbers are transcendental (that is, non-algebraic, such as  or  , then the L-function is transcendental. The Riemann zeta-function is the L-function where the level is 1, the degree is 1 and the Langland's parameters are 0 — that is, a first degree algebraic L-function. The Bristol researchers showed the first example of a third degree transcendental L-function.

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Fridlander (1949) and Salié (1950) proved[5] that that there is a constant C such that for infinitely many primes gp > C log p.

Shoup (1990, 1992) proved,[9] assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, that gp =O(log6 p).